In clinical practice, it is recommended to employ reusable electrodes for the registration of brain waves. Before registering EEG signals, the EEG technician checks the condition of all the ...electrodes, i.e., the occurrence of mechanical damage and the color of the electrode coating. It should be noticed that there is still no information on the permissible number of EEG examinations performed with one set of electrodes. After placement of the electrodes on the patient's head, the scalp-electrode impedance is measured with the use of EEG equipment. When the scalp-electrode impedance achieves a value above 5 kΩ, it is necessary to replace the given electrode or to re-execute skin abrasion. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method was used in order to estimate the permissible number of EEG examinations performed with one set of electrodes. Ten new reusable electrodes were tested. Then, the tests were repeated after subsequent uses of those electrodes. The conducted tests led us to the conclusion that the permissible number of examinations performed with one set of electrodes is up to twenty except for the gold electrodes for which it is up to ten. Furthermore, the use of the EIS method revealed variability of impedance in the case of new electrodes.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The paper presents the objectives, the scenario and the conclusions of an exploratory action-research whose aim was to determine how the descriptive categories elaborated in the field of discourse ...analysis can be used to explain and to explore the genre of online discussion in public internet forums in the context of foreign language learning. I discuss first a list of descriptive categories elaborated in my research in the form of an observation grid in order to outline the genre specificity of online discussion. Then I describe the application of the observation grid in my research.
Cel pracy
Metafora może być narzędziem poznawania kultury organizacji, może służyć diagnozie i doskonaleniu organizacji, w tym również szkoły. Przeniesienie wyobrażeń o szkole na inne obiekty pozwala ...badaczom docierać do subtelnych elementów kultury szkoły, wymykających się ujęciom ilościowym, stąd zamysł uwzględnienia analizy metaforycznej w dociekaniach naukowych skoncentrowanych na kulturze szkoły alternatywnej edukacji. W artykule zaprezentowano fragment materiału badawczego zgromadzonego w ramach realizacji zespołowego projektu, którego celem jestem empiryczne rozpoznanie i porównanie kultur wybranych niepublicznych szkół podstawowych – szkół „innych niż wszystkie”.
Materiał i metody
Korzystając z metafory jako tekstualnego narzędzia do badania trudno uchwytnych empirycznie elementów kultury szkoły, podjęto próbę zbliżenia się do uczniowskich sposobów odczytywania i rozumienia rzeczywistości szkolnej. Badanie przeprowadzono w niepublicznej szkole podstawowej, realizującej w praktyce alternatywny model edukacji. Materiał zgromadzono za pomocą zadania, które realizowali uczniowie klas ósmych. Zadanie składało się z części tekstowej i rysunkowej. Otrzymane w ten sposób wytwory uczniów poddano analizie.
Wyniki
W wyniku analizy zebranego materiału wyłoniono pięć grup metafor: (1) kultury/klimatu, (2) hybrydowa, (3) katastroficzna, (4) chaosu, (5) więzienia.
Wnioski
Analiza danych ujawniła różnorodność postrzegania oraz interpretacji tej rzeczywistości, co pozwala wnioskować o zróżnicowanym, niejednorodnym obrazie badanej szkoły jako organizacji.
Objectives
Metaphor can be a tool of knowing the culture of the organization. It can be used to diagnose and improve the organization, including the school. Transferring ideas about the school to other objects allows researchers to reach subtle elements of school culture which resist quantitative approaches, hence the intention to include metaphorical analysis in scientific investigations focused on the culture of the school of alternative education. The article presents a fragment of research material collected as part of a team project aimed at empirical recognition and comparison of cultures of selected non-public primary schools – schools "other than all".
Material and methods
Using metaphor as a textual tool to study empirically elusive elements of school culture, an attempt was made to get closer to students' ways of reading and understanding school reality. The study was conducted in a non-public primary school, implementing an alternative education model in practice. The material was collected thanks to the tasks carried out by the eighth grade students. The task consisted of a text and a drawing part. The students' products obtained in this way were analyzed.
Results
As a result of the collected material analysis, five groups of metaphors were identified: (1) culture/climate, (2) hybrid, (3) catastrophic, (4) chaos, (5) prison.
Conclusions
The analysis of the data revealed a diversity of perception and interpretation of this reality, which allows us to conclude about a diverse, heterogeneous image of the studied school as an organization.
Early recognition of high-risk pregnancies through biochemical markers may promote antenatal surveillance, resulting in improved pregnancy outcomes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the ...possibilities of using biochemical markers during the first trimester of pregnancy in the prediction of hypertensive pregnancy disorders (HPD) and the delivery of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. A comprehensive search was conducted on key databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, for articles relating to the use of biochemical markers in the prediction of HPD and SGA. The findings show that changes in the levels of biomarkers in the early pregnancy phases could be an important indicator of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The literature shows that low PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A) and PlGF (placental growth factor) levels, low alkaline phosphatase (AP), higher sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1) levels, higher AFP (alfa fetoprotein) levels, and elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as β-HGC (free beta human chorionic gonadotropin), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may be associated with risks including the onset of HPD, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and delivery of SGA neonates. Comparatively, PAPP-A and PlGF appear to be the most important biochemical markers for the prediction of SGA and HPD.
In this article, I explore the hybridization of courses in the post-pandemic context, focusing on the advantages and challenges of online teaching. I present a didactic project aimed at developing ...digitalized scenarios. The project specifically targets undergraduate students training to become foreign language teachers, using Polish as the language of instruction. The distance teaching/learning sequences designed for this course are offered either as assignments or as supplementary content to in-person session work. The activities, focused on personal reflection and autonomous work, included critical reading of research papers, analysis of classroom textbooks, and an introduction to theoretical themes. Two particular aspects of my work are detailed: first, I explain how the modalities of online work meet the needs of student-future teachers and fit into the requirements of contemporary academic training. Then I discuss the challenges, both conceptual and technical, related to the scripting of online sequences. The research highlights the potential of hybridization for improving both the structure of courses and the clarity of teaching.
The aim of the article is to present the theoretical foundations underlying our didactic work, part of the European project DECLAME’FLE, and its objectives. The proposed reflection concerns the ...possibility of developing reading practices in FL among readers who are learners of French as a foreign language. The chosen approach exploits the concept of so-called literary reading, oriented towards a theoretical-aesthetic analysis of the text. In the school context, this analysis and interpretation is usually done in dialogue with other readers. However, in the case of personal reading, the reader-learner chooses their texts freely and is not supervised in the activity. We argue that media resources can be an effectively used by learners in their reading and in the analytical and reflective tasks that follow. Based on observation categories from discourse analysis and with reference to research on literary reading, we propose exercises for (future) teachers of French as a foreign language. Their aim is to model the reading of journalist and popular critical discourse in order to draw information from it about the book, the author and the presence of the book in the public space, observe the discourse strategies used and integrate them, in order to be able to talk about reading experiences and make presentations of appreciation of texts.
The aim of the paper is to explore the potential of two Internet tools for asynchronous communication, wiki and forum, in oral tasks oriented at the development of argumentative skills. I assume that ...the use of these tools while preparing an oral task may positively influence the quality of the reflection further developed during class discussion, that is that the work performed in the virtual community context can reinforce the processes of the co-construction of knowledge in oral interaction. The paper focuses on several qualitative changes in the teaching process which can be initiated by hybrid construction of class scenarios. I discuss also selected difficulties connected with the introduction of this didactic innovation and the principal advantages of such scenarios at the level of the didactic relationship and teaching objectives.
The paper aims to present the potential, for foreign language students, of the exolingual interactions online in public and open forums. For the analysis of students’ commentaries, I apply the ...observation categories that were first elaborated for the analysis of posts published in press sites. I focus on narrative commentaries in which web users organize phenomena and events discussed in public discourse and try to give them their individual interpretation. I consider this kind of interaction on press sites as contrib-uting to the civic debates: I argue that they can be also integrated in observation categories used to describe and analyze exchanges between students discussing social issues in reference to foreign lan-guage media information. In the paper I present two kinds of commentaries: those written by native speakers in public forums and those written by FL students in response to public commentaries.
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