Between 1985 and 2014, the number of US doctoral graduates in Anthropology increased from about 350 to 530 graduates per year. This rise in doctorates entering the work force along with an overall ...decrease in the numbers of tenure-track academic positions has resulted in highly competitive academic job market. We estimate that approximately79% of US anthropology doctorates do not obtain tenure-track positions at BA/BS, MA/MS, and PhD institutions in the US. Here, we examine where US anthropology faculty obtained their degrees and where they ultimately end up teaching as tenure-track faculty. Using data derived from the 2014-2015 AnthroGuide and anthropology departmental web pages, we identify and rank PhD programs in terms of numbers of graduates who have obtained tenure-track academic jobs; examine long-term and ongoing trends in the programs producing doctorates for the discipline as a whole, as well as for the subfields of archaeology, bioanthropology, and sociocultural anthropology; and discuss gender inequity in academic anthropology within the US.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There is a strong and growing need in the biology research community for accurate, automated image analysis. Here, we describe CellProfiler 2.0, which has been engineered to meet the needs of its ...growing user base. It is more robust and user friendly, with new algorithms and features to facilitate high-throughput work. ImageJ plugins can now be run within a CellProfiler pipeline.
CellProfiler 2.0 is free and open source, available at http://www.cellprofiler.org under the GPL v. 2 license. It is available as a packaged application for Macintosh OS X and Microsoft Windows and can be compiled for Linux.
anne@broadinstitute.org
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
In 2017, the Australian Government funded the update of the National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0-5 years, with the intention that they be an integration of movement behaviours ...across the 24-h period. The benefit for Australia was that it could leverage research in Canada in the development of their 24-h guidelines for the early years. Concurrently, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group published a model to produce guidelines based on adoption, adaption and/or de novo development using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Referred to as the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, it allows guideline developers to follow a structured and transparent process in a more efficient manner, potentially avoiding the need to unnecessarily repeat costly tasks such as conducting systematic reviews. The purpose of this paper is to outline the process and outcomes for adapting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years to develop the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT framework.
The development process was guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach. A Leadership Group and Consensus Panel were formed and existing credible guidelines identified. The draft Canadian 24-h integrated movement guidelines for the early years best met the criteria established by the Panel. These were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and draft recommendations from the Canadian Draft Guidelines. Updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews were conducted and the Consensus Panel reviewed the evidence for each behaviour separately and made a decision to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. An online survey was then conducted (n = 302) along with five focus groups (n = 30) and five key informant interviews (n = 5) to obtain feedback from stakeholders on the draft guidelines.
Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Consensus Panel agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, keep the wording of the guidelines, preamble and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-h), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for infants (<1 year), toddlers (1-2 years) and preschoolers (3-5 years).
To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used. Following this approach, the judgments of the Australian Consensus Panel did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian recommendations were adopted with very minor alterations. This allowed the Guidelines to be developed much faster and at lower cost. As such, we would recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines, with all supporting materials and developed using a transparent process, is available. Other countries may consider using this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines.
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IMPORTANCE: Cholesterol is a common nutrient in the human diet and eggs are a major source of dietary cholesterol. Whether dietary cholesterol or egg consumption is associated with cardiovascular ...disease (CVD) and mortality remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To determine the associations of dietary cholesterol or egg consumption with incident CVD and all-cause mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Individual participant data were pooled from 6 prospective US cohorts using data collected between March 25, 1985, and August 31, 2016. Self-reported diet data were harmonized using a standardized protocol. EXPOSURES: Dietary cholesterol (mg/day) or egg consumption (number/day). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Hazard ratio (HR) and absolute risk difference (ARD) over the entire follow-up for incident CVD (composite of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and other CVD deaths) and all-cause mortality, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. RESULTS: This analysis included 29 615 participants (mean SD age, 51.6 13.5 years at baseline) of whom 13 299 (44.9%) were men and 9204 (31.1%) were black. During a median follow-up of 17.5 years (interquartile range, 13.0-21.7; maximum, 31.3), there were 5400 incident CVD events and 6132 all-cause deaths. The associations of dietary cholesterol or egg consumption with incident CVD and all-cause mortality were monotonic (all P values for nonlinear terms, .19-.83). Each additional 300 mg of dietary cholesterol consumed per day was significantly associated with higher risk of incident CVD (adjusted HR, 1.17 95% CI, 1.09-1.26; adjusted ARD, 3.24% 95% CI, 1.39%-5.08%) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 1.18 95% CI, 1.10-1.26; adjusted ARD, 4.43% 95% CI, 2.51%-6.36%). Each additional half an egg consumed per day was significantly associated with higher risk of incident CVD (adjusted HR, 1.06 95% CI, 1.03-1.10; adjusted ARD, 1.11% 95% CI, 0.32%-1.89%) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 1.08 95% CI, 1.04-1.11; adjusted ARD, 1.93% 95% CI, 1.10%-2.76%). The associations between egg consumption and incident CVD (adjusted HR, 0.99 95% CI, 0.93-1.05; adjusted ARD, −0.47% 95% CI, −1.83% to 0.88%) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 1.03 95% CI, 0.97-1.09; adjusted ARD, 0.71% 95% CI, −0.85% to 2.28%) were no longer significant after adjusting for dietary cholesterol consumption. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among US adults, higher consumption of dietary cholesterol or eggs was significantly associated with higher risk of incident CVD and all-cause mortality in a dose-response manner. These results should be considered in the development of dietary guidelines and updates.
Commensal bacteria contribute to immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the underlying mechanisms for this are not well understood. A single dose of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from ...the probiotic spore-forming bacterium
protects mice from acute colitis induced by the enteric pathogen
Adoptive transfer of macrophage-rich peritoneal cells from EPS-treated mice confers protection from disease to recipient mice. In vivo, EPS induces development of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner, and these cells inhibit T cell activation in vitro and in
-infected mice. In vitro, M2 macrophages inhibit CD4
and CD8
T cells. The inhibition of CD4
T cells is dependent on TGF-β, whereas inhibition of CD8
T cells is dependent on TGF-β and PD-L1. We suggest that administration of
EPS can be used to broadly inhibit T cell activation and, thus, control T cell-mediated immune responses in numerous inflammatory diseases.
Seagrasses have global distribution and are highly productive and economically valuable habitats. They are sensitive and vulnerable to a range of human-induced pressures, including ongoing exposure ...to marine litter, such as microplastic particles (<5 mm). In this study, a Zostera marina bed in Deerness Sound, Orkney was selected to determine whether microplastics accumulate in seagrass beds and adhere to seagrass blades. Sediment, seagrass blade, biota and seawater samples were collected. 280 microplastic particles (0.04 to 3.95 mm (mean = 0.95 mm ± 0.05 SE)) were observed in 94% of samples collected (n = 111). These were visually categorised into type (fibre, flake, fragment) and colour, and 50 were successfully identified as plastic using ATR-FTIR. Fibres contributed >50% of the total microplastics observed across all samples. This is the first known study on Z. marina to describe microplastic loading within a seagrass bed and to identify microplastic adherence to seagrass blades.
•Z. marina seagrass beds act as a sink for microplastics with higher loadings than bare sandy sediment sites.•First known observation of microplastics adhering to Z. marina blades.•Microplastic identified in sediment, on seagrass blades, in associated biota and in seawater samples.•Fibres contributed >50% of the total microplastics observed.•Of the 50 samples analysed by ATR-FTIR, poly(ethylene) was recorded as the most common (34%).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
New drugs may in some cases need to be tested in paediatric and pregnant patients. However, it is difficult to recruit such patients and there are many ethical issues around their inclusion in ...clinical trials. Modelling and simulation can help to plan well-designed clinical trials with a reduced number of participants and to bridge gaps where recruitment is difficult. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for small molecule drugs have been used to aid study design and dose adjustments in paediatrics and pregnancy, with several publications in the literature. However, published PBPK models for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in these populations are scarce. Here, the current status of mAb PBPK models in paediatrics and pregnancy is discussed. Seven mAb PBPK models published for paediatrics were found, which report good prediction accuracy across a wide age range. No mAb PBPK models for pregnant women have been published to date. Current challenges to the development of such PBPK models are discussed, including gaps in our knowledge of relevant physiological processes and availability of clinical data to verify models. As the availability of such data increases, it will help to improve our confidence in the PBPK model predictive ability. Advantages for using PBPK models to predict mAb PK in paediatrics and pregnancy are discussed. For example, the ability to incorporate ontogeny and gestational changes in physiology, prediction of maternal, placental and foetal exposure and the ability to make predictions from
in vitro
and preclinical data prior to clinical data being available.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Policy-makers are increasingly turning to behavioural science for insights about how to improve citizens' decisions and outcomes
. Typically, different scientists test different intervention ideas in ...different samples using different outcomes over different time intervals
. The lack of comparability of such individual investigations limits their potential to inform policy. Here, to address this limitation and accelerate the pace of discovery, we introduce the megastudy-a massive field experiment in which the effects of many different interventions are compared in the same population on the same objectively measured outcome for the same duration. In a megastudy targeting physical exercise among 61,293 members of an American fitness chain, 30 scientists from 15 different US universities worked in small independent teams to design a total of 54 different four-week digital programmes (or interventions) encouraging exercise. We show that 45% of these interventions significantly increased weekly gym visits by 9% to 27%; the top-performing intervention offered microrewards for returning to the gym after a missed workout. Only 8% of interventions induced behaviour change that was significant and measurable after the four-week intervention. Conditioning on the 45% of interventions that increased exercise during the intervention, we detected carry-over effects that were proportionally similar to those measured in previous research
. Forecasts by impartial judges failed to predict which interventions would be most effective, underscoring the value of testing many ideas at once and, therefore, the potential for megastudies to improve the evidentiary value of behavioural science.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Pre-eclampsia (PE) complicates around 3% of all pregnancies and is one of the most common causes of maternal mortality worldwide. The pathophysiology of PE remains unclear however its underlying ...cause originates from the placenta and manifests as raised blood pressure, proteinuria, vascular or systemic inflammation and hypercoagulation in the mother. Women who develop PE are also at significantly higher risk of subsequently developing cardiovascular (CV) disease. In PE, the failing endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative and inflammatory stressed syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta sheds increased numbers of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles (STBEV) into the maternal circulation. Platelet reactivity, size and concentration are also known to be altered in some women who develop PE, although the underlying reasons for this have not been determined. In this study we show that STBEV from disease free placenta isolated ex vivo by dual placental perfusion associate rapidly with platelets. We provide evidence that STBEV isolated from normal placentas cause platelet activation and that this is increased with STBEV from PE pregnancies. Furthermore, treatment of platelets with aspirin, currently prescribed for women at high risk of PE to reduce platelet aggregation, also inhibits STBEV-induced reversible aggregation of washed platelets. Increased platelet reactivity as a result of exposure to PE placenta derived STBEVs correlates with increased thrombotic risk associated with PE. These observations establish a possible direct link between the clotting disturbances of PE and dysfunction of the placenta, as well as the known increased risk of thromboembolism associated with this condition.
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