1. The annual dynamics of methane (CH4) in a temporarily flooded meadow, mire bank, lacustrine sedge fen, temporarily and continuously inundated sedge (Carex sp.) and reed (Phragmites australis) ...marshes were studied from June to November in the humic mesoeutrophic Lake Mekrijärvi and in eutrophicated parts of the mesotrophic Lake Heposelkä in the southern part of East Finland. The effects of water level and temperature on littoral CH4 fluxes were determined. Vegetation zonation along the moisture gradient, and associated CH4 fluxes, were evaluated.
2. The CH4 flux increased along the moisture gradient from –0.2 to 14.2 mg CH4 m–2 h–1, and was highest in the permanently inundated marshes. The duration of anoxia in the sediment caused differences in the CH4 flux. Estimated emissions for the period 1 June – 30 September in continuously inundated sparse reed and sedge marshes, drying sedge marsh, and lacustrine sedge fen were 13, 11 and 6 g CH4 m–2, respectively.
3. In continuously inundated vegetation, the fluxes were highest in late July/early August. The seasonal CH4 flux pattern suggested that the fluxes were regulated by the supply of organic matter during the course of the summer and the water level. In the temporarily flooded zone, the seasonal CH4 flux dynamics was greatly affected by changes in the lake water level, the fluxes being highest during the spring flood in early June.
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A new high-spin isomeric state (t(1/2) = 2.8 +/- 0.1 mu s) in Re-160 has been identified. This high-spin isomer is unique in that it only decays by gamma-decay and not by proton or alpha-particle ...emission as is the case in every other proton emitter between Z = 64 and 80. Shell model calculations indicate how the convergence of the h(9/2) and f(7/2) neutron levels in this region could open up a gamma-decay path from the high-spin isomer to the low-spin ground state of 160Re. providing a natural explanation for this anomalous absence of charged-particle emission. The consequences of these observations for future searches for proton emission from even more exotic nuclei and in-beam spectroscopic studies are considered.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Lake littoral zones have a transitional nature and dynamic conditions, which are reflected in their CH4 emissions. Thus, detailed studies are needed to assess the littoral CH4 emissions in a regional ...scale. In this study, CH4 fluxes were followed during the ice‐free seasons in 1998 and 1999 by using the static chamber method in the littoral zone of two lakes in Finland. An exceptionally high water level in 1998 caused an unusually long inundation in otherwise ephemerally flooded zone. The flooding was normal in year 1999. The factors controlling CH4 emissions were examined and statistical response functions were constructed. Further, the effect of extended flooding on the littoral CH4 budged was estimated. The methane flux was primarily regulated by the water level in grass and sedge dominated eulittoral zone, but not in infralittoral reed and water lily stands. Methane emissions in the sedge dominated zone decreased significantly, when the flood was high enough to submerge the venting structures of the plants. Besides water level, sediment temperature determined CH4 emission. The cumulative CH4 emissions from the whole littoral wetlands in wet year were 1.1 times (L. Kevätön), or 0.61 and 0.79 times (L. Mekrijärvi) those in dry year. The crucial factor was the discrepancy between the exceptional and the average water level. The extension of inundated area does not necessarily increase CH4 emissions if the flood reaches infrequently inundated areas, which apparently have low CH4 production potential. This is the case especially, if the emissions in lower zones simultaneously decrease due to high water level. Our study analyses these complex responses between CH4 emissions and water level.
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34.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 84 Abriola, Daniel; Bostan, Melih; Erturk, Sefa ...
Nuclear data sheets,
11/2009, Volume:
110, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The evaluated spectroscopic data are presented for 12 known nuclides of mass 84 (Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo). Except for the stable nuclides
84Sr and
84Kr, extensive new data are ...available for all the other nuclides since the 1997 evaluation by J.K. Tuli (1997Tu02) of A = 84 nuclides. Many precise Penning-trap mass measurements since AME-2003 for A = 84 nuclides (2009Re03,2008Ha23,2008We10,2007Ke09,2006Ka48,2006De36,2006Ri15) have resulted in improved Q values and separation energies. However, many deficiencies still remain. Some examples are given below. Excited-state data for
84Ga and
84As are nonexistent, and those for
84Ge are scarce. The radioactive decay schemes of
84Ga,
84Ge,
84Se,
84Y (39.5 min),
84Y (4.6 s),
84Zr and
84Nb suffer from incompleteness and that for
84Mo decay is not known at all. The energy ordering of the two activities (39.5 min and and 4.6 s) of
84Y is not well established, although, high-spin with tentative spin-parity of (6+) is adopted here as the ground state of
84Y based on weak arguments. From a conference report published in 2000, it is clear that extensive experiments were done to investigate decays of
84Zr and
84Y, but details of these studies never appeared in literature and none were made available to the evaluators when requested from original authors.
This evaluation was carried out as part of ENSDF workshop for Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Evaluators, organized and hosted by the “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania during March 30, 2009 – April 3, 2009. Names of the evaluators principally responsible for evaluation of individual nuclides are given under the respective Adopted data sets.
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Lifetimes of the first excited 2^{+} and 4^{+} states in the extremely neutron-deficient nuclide ^{172}Pt have been measured for the first time using the recoil-distance Doppler shift and ...recoil-decay tagging techniques. An unusually low value of the ratio B(E2:4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+})/B(E2:2_{1}^{+}→0_{gs}^{+})=0.55(19) was found, similar to a handful of other such anomalous cases observed in the entire Segré chart. The observation adds to a cluster of a few extremely neutron-deficient nuclides of the heavy transition metals with neutron numbers N≈90-94 featuring the effect. No theoretical model calculations reported to date have been able to explain the anomalously low B(E2:4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+})/B(E2:2_{1}^{+}→0_{gs}^{+}) ratios observed in these cases. Such low values cannot, e.g., be explained within the framework of the geometrical collective model or by algebraic approaches within the interacting boson model framework. It is proposed that the group of B(E2:4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+})/B(E2:2_{1}^{+}→0_{gs}^{+}) ratios in the extremely neutron-deficient even-even W, Os, and Pt nuclei around neutron numbers N≈90-94 reveal a quantum phase transition from a seniority-conserving structure to a collective regime as a function of neutron number. Although a system governed by seniority symmetry is the only theoretical framework for which such an effect may naturally occur, the phenomenon is highly unexpected for these nuclei that are not situated near closed shells.
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Excited states in the nuclei super(83)As and super(84,86)Se have been studied via prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy. The nuclei were produced by the proton-induced fission of a super(238)U target, at the ...accelerator of the University of Jyvaskyla. The JUROGAM-II array was used to detect prompt gamma-rays and a triple-gamma coincidence analysis performed. A comparison of the N = 50 nuclei with shell-model calculations reproduces the low-lying states in 83As and 84Se well. The inclusion of particle-hole excitations is necessary to correctly describe the states above ~ 3.5 MeV.
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Tagging with beta -particles at the focal plane of a recoil separator has been shown to be an effective technique for the study of exotic proton-rich nuclei. This article describes three new pieces ...of apparatus used to greatly improve the sensitivity of the recoil-beta tagging technique. These include a highly-pixelated double-sided silicon strip detector, a plastic phoswich detector for discriminating high-energy beta -particles, and a charged-particle veto box. The performance of these new detectors is described and characterised, and the resulting improvements are discussed.
Phenomenon of the shape coexistence has been investigated in 17979Au100. This very neutron-deficient isotope, 18 neutrons away from the stable gold isotope 19779Au118, was studied by a combination of ...α-decay and isomer-decay spectroscopy employing the ritu gas-filled separator and the great focal-plane spectrometer at the University of Jyväskylä. A new isomer with t1/2=328(2) ns was observed and states associated with πd3/2−1, πs1/2−1, πf7/2+1 and πh9/2+1 structures were revealed. The implications of these results on the systematics of πh9/2+1 and πf7/2+1 intruder structures in the odd-mass gold isotopes are discussed. The minimum of the parabolic trend is at N=104, i.e. exactly at the mid-shell point and the πf7/2+1 structure is dropping in energy relative to the πh9/2+1 with decreasing mass number.
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