The water buffalo faces challenges in optimizing nutrition due to varying local feed resources. In response to this challenge, the current study introduces originality by addressing the lack of ...region-specific feeding strategies for water buffaloes. This is achieved through the formulation of 30 different diets based on locally available resources, offering a tailored approach to enhance nutritional optimization in diverse agroecological contexts. These diets were segmented into three groups of ten, each catering to the maintenance (MD
to MD
), growth (GD
to GD
), and lactation/production (PD
to PD
) needs of buffaloes. Utilizing local feed ingredients, each diet was assessed for its chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane emissions, and dry matter (DM) disappearance using buffalo rumen liquor. The production diets (127 and 32.2 g/kg DM) had more protein and fats than the maintenance diets (82.0 and 21.0 g/kg DM). There was less (
< 0.05) fiber in the production diets compared to the maintenance ones. Different protein components (P
, P
) were lower (
< 0.05) in the maintenance diets compared to the growth and production ones, but other protein fractions (P
, P
) were higher (
< 0.05) in the maintenance diet. Furthermore, the growth diets had the highest amount of other protein components (P
), while the maintenance diets had the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates (586 g/kg DM), whereas the carbohydrate fraction (C
) was highest (
< 0.05) in the production diets (187 g/kg DM), followed by the growth (129 g/kg DM) and maintenance diets (96.1 g/kg DM). On the contrary, the carbohydrate C
fraction was (
< 0.05) higher in the maintenance diets (107 g/kg DM) than in the growth (70.4 g/kg DM) and production diets (44.7 g/kg DM). The in vitro gas production over time (12, 24, and 48 h) was roughly the same for all the diets. Interestingly, certain components (ether extract, lignin, NDIN, ADIN, and P
and C
) of the diets seemed to reduce methane production, while others (OM, NPN, SP, P
and P
tCHO and C
) increased it. In simple words, this study reveals that different diets affect gas production during digestion, signifying a significant step towards a promising future for buffalo farming through tailored, region-specific formulations.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Methane production and energy loss of 12 green forages were investigated in vitro in a completely randomized design using inoculum from buffaloes. The forages, which included Hordeum vulgare, Avena ...sativa, Trifolium alaxendrinum, Medicago sativa cv. Anand-2, Medicago sativa cv. T-9, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum maximum, Saccharum officinarum (SOT), Arachis hypogea (AHL), Grewia optiva leaves (GOL), Leucaena leucocephala leaves and Sorghum bicolor were also partitioned into crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. In vitro gas production and dry matter (DM) digestibility were estimated using rumen fluid from 2 fistulated buffaloes. Correlation analysis was used to establish relationships between measured variables and CH₄ production. Crude protein contents of the forages were lowest (P<0.001) in the grasses/cereals and highest (P<0.001) in the legumes. Accumulation of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose was higher in the grasses and cereals, whereas the reverse occurred with legumes. The proportion of degradable CP fractions ranged from 0.70 to 0.83 of total CP, with higher (P<0.001) CP fractions for legumes vs. grasses/cereals. Overall, legumes had a higher unavailable CHO fraction than the grasses or cereals. Legumes were more fully degraded in vitro than in grasses and cereals, being highest (P<0.001) in GOL and least in SOT. After 24h of incubation, CH₄ production (g/kg DM) was higher (P<0.001) in legumes than grasses or cereals. Loss of energy as CH₄ was higher (P<0.001) in AHL and GOL than in the other forages, although there were no differences among the groups; cereals, grasses and legumes. Only ADF and cellulose were positively correlated (P<0.05) with CH₄ production (g/kg DM). Because of the substantial amount of dietary gross energy lost in CH₄, knowledge of the CH₄ potential of these forages will help in formulating low CH₄ producing diets for ruminants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In this study, milk fat content and milk fatty acid profile of 3 Indian dairy cattle breeds, viz. Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Gir was studied under organic and conventional feeding system. Milk fat ...content differed significantly among the breeds and varied from 3.74 to 4.57% across the breeds, however the feeding system did not influence the milk fat contents. Fatty acids contents were similar among breeds and feeding systems, however, the unsaturated fatty acids were comparatively higher in organic feeding system.
Estimates of (co)variance components were obtained for weights at birth, weaning and 6, 9 and 12 months of age in Chokla sheep maintained at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, ...Rajasthan, India, over a period of 21 years (1980-2000). Records of 2030 lambs descended from 150 rams and 616 ewes were used in the study. Analyses were carried out by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) fitting an animal model and ignoring or including maternal genetic or permanent environmental effects. Six different animal models were fitted for all traits. The best model was chosen after testing the improvement of the log-likelihood values. Direct heritability estimates were inflated substantially for all traits when maternal effects were ignored. Heritability estimates for weight at birth, weaning and 6, 9 and 12 months of age were 0.20, 0.18, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.23, respectively in the best models. Additive maternal and maternal permanent environmental effects were both significant at birth, accounting for 9% and 12% of phenotypic variance, respectively, but the source of maternal effects (additive versus permanent environmental) at later ages could not be clearly identified. The estimated repeatabilities across years of ewe effects on lamb body weights were 0.26, 0.14, 0.12, 0.13, and 0.15 at birth, weaning, 6, 9 and 12 months of age, respectively. These results indicate that modest rates of genetic progress are possible for all weights.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gas production, methane and energy loss from 10 dry and 12 green fodders were evaluated in vitro using sheep and goat inocula. Dry matter intake and digestible DM (DDM) were higher for green (2.45% ...and 62.28%) than dry fodders (1.72% and 52.88%), respectively. Mean in vitro dry matter digestibility was higher for green than dry fodders in rumen inocula of sheep (63.51 vs 45.34%) and goat (61.36 vs 41.36%), respectively. After 12 h, gas production was higher for green than dry fodders in sheep (69.70 mL/g vs 64.40) and goat inocula (61.73 vs 55.53 mL/g). Gas production was higher for dry and green fodders in sheep inoculums vs goat at 12, 24 and 48 h. At 12 h, methane production was higher for green than dry fodders both in sheep (12.96 vs 9.69 mL/g) and goat (13.34 vs 9.14 mL/g). Total CH4 production was higher for green than dry fodders with both sheep (40.92 vs 33.83 mL/g) and goat inocula (33.34 vs 30.47 mL/g), respectively. Methane production was higher from fermentation of green fodders than dry fodders in rumen inocula from goat (19.27 vs 14.16) and sheep (18.57 vs 14.76 g/kg DM), respectively. Green fodders produced higher CH4 with goat (33.75 g/kg DDM) vs sheep inocula (29.65 g/kg DDM). Methane production (g/kg DDM) and energy loss as methane (CH4 % GE) was similar for dry and green fodders fermented in sheep and goat inocula. Overall, results showed that green forages produced more CH4 compared with dry forages so this piece of information should be put into consideration for sustainable and environmentally friendly production system.
Prioritization of districts for buffalo development in India was done taking into account the buffalo growth rate (r), density (d) and number per 1,000 human beings (PTH). Priority Index for buffalo ...(PI-B) was worked out by giving equal weight to the 3 variables. Analysis was done for 19 states with 311 districts for the period 1966 to 2007, taking 1966 as the base year and apportioning the subsequent data to the base year. The 19 states covered 90.53% of the geographical area having 98.7% of the total buffalo population. Zones I to IV were demarcated each having 25% of the total buffalo population based on decreasing order growth rate, density, PTH and PI-B. Based on the Priority Index, 25% of the buffaloes with highest index (Z- I) were reared in 31 districts in 6.74% of the geographical area of the country by 9.37% of human beings. This zone had an overall growth rate of 2.70% p.a., buffalo density 124 and 245 buffalo PTH. Zone II with next 25% of buffaloes were located in 51 districts in 14.6% area of the country where 14.8% of human beings reside. This zone had an overall growth rate of 2.15% p.a., buffalo density 57 and 154 buffalo PTH. Zone III with next 25% of buffaloes were located in 67 districts in 19.7% area of the country where 22.4% of human beings reside. This zone had an overall growth rate of 1.86% p.a., buffalo density 42 and 102 buffalo PTH. Zone IV with next 23.7% of buffaloes were located in 162 districts in 49.5% area of the country where 49.4% of human beings reside. This zone had an overall growth rate of 0.54% p.a., buffalo density 16 and 44 buffalo PTH. GIS maps were also prepared for visualization of the location of different zones based on growth rate, density, PTH and Priority Index for buffalo.
Abstract
Ten types of diets were prepared to meet the nutrient requirements of buffaloes for maintenance (MD1 to MD10), growth (GD1 to GD10) and production/lactation (PD1 to PD10). A total of 30 ...diets were evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane production, and dry matter (DM) disappearance using buffalo rumen liquor. The CNCPS was used to estimate the carbohydrate and protein fractions. Protein fractions PB1 and PB2 of maintenance diets were lower (P < 0.05) than growth and production diets, while protein fractions (PB3) and Pc were (P < 0.05) higher in maintenance than in growth and production diets. Mean values of PA was (P < 0.05) higher in growth diets (136.9) than production (114.8) and maintenance diets (105.6 g/kg DM). Maintenance diets had (P < 0.05) higher structural carbohydrate contents (586.2 g/kg DM) than production diets (513.0 g/kg DM). Carbohydrate fraction (CB1) was highest (P < 0.05) in production diets (187.2 g/kg DM) followed by growth (129.5 g/kg DM) and maintenance diets (96.1 g/kg DM). In vitro gas production at different time periods (12, 24 and 48 h) was similar for maintenance (63.04, 51.98 and 48.15 ml/g DM), growth (63.83, 52.73 and 48.250) and production diets (63.51, 52.54 and 47.21 ml/g DM). Cumulative methane production was numerically lower for maintenance (28.40 ml/g DM) than growth (29.58 ml/g DM) and production diets (33.13 ml/g DM). In vitro methane production as a proportion of degraded DM (ml/g DDM and g/kg DDM) was similar for maintenance (14.21 and 29.53), growth (42.19 and 30.25) and production diets (41.26 and 29.58). Dietary chemical constituents such as EE, lignin, NDIN, ADIN and PB3 and Cc were (P < 0.05) negatively associated with methane production, while OM, NPN, SP, PA and PB1, TCHO and CB2 were positively (P < 0.05) correlated with methane production.
Ten types of diets were prepared to meet the nutrient requirements of buffaloes for maintenance (MD1 to MD10), growth (GD1 to GD10) and production/lactation (PD1 to PD10). A total of 30 diets were ...evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane production, and dry matter (DM) disappearance using buffalo rumen liquor. The CNCPS was used to estimate the carbohydrate and protein fractions. Protein fractions PB1 and PB2 of maintenance diets were lower (P < 0.05) than growth and production diets, while protein fractions (PB3) and Pc were (P < 0.05) higher in maintenance than in growth and production diets. Mean values of PA was (P < 0.05) higher in growth diets (136.9) than production (114.8) and maintenance diets (105.6 g/kg DM). Maintenance diets had (P < 0.05) higher structural carbohydrate contents (586.2 g/kg DM) than production diets (513.0 g/ kg DM). Carbohydrate fraction (CB1) was highest (P < 0.05) in production diets (187.2 g/kg DM) followed by growth (129.5 g/kg DM) and maintenance diets (96.1 g/kg DM). In vitro gas production at different time periods (12, 24 and 48 h) was similar for maintenance (63.04, 51.98 and 48.15 ml/g DM), growth (63.83, 52.73 and 48.250) and production diets (63.51, 52.54 and 47.21 ml/g DM). Cumulative methane production was numerically lower for maintenance (28.40 ml/g DM) than growth (29.58 ml/g DM) and production diets (33.13 ml/g DM). In vitro methane production as a proportion of degraded DM (ml/g DDM and g/kg DDM) was similar for maintenance (14.21 and 29.53), growth (42.19 and 30.25) and production diets (41.26 and 29.58). Dietary chemical constituents such as EE, lignin, NDIN, ADIN and PB3 and Cc were (P < 0.05) negatively associated with methane production, while OM, NPN, SP, PA and PB1, TCHO and CB2 were positively (P < 0.05) correlated with methane production.
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