Many questions on the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis remain to answer. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes some accessory proteins that are essential for infection. Notably, accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2 play ...significant roles in affecting immune escape and viral pathogenesis. Therefore SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins could be considered putative drug targets. IFN-I and IFN-III responses are the primary mechanisms of innate antiviral immunity in infection clearance. Previous research has shown that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses IFN-β by infecting host cells via ORF3a, ORF3b, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF8, and ORF9b. Furthermore, ORF3a, ORF7a, and ORF7b have a role in blocking IFNα signaling, and ORF8 represses IFNβ signaling. The ORF3a, ORF7a, and ORF7b disrupt the STAT1/2 phosphorylation. ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a, and ORF7b could prevent the ISRE promoter activity. The main SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins involved in immune evasion are discussed here for comprehensive learning on viral entry, replication, and transmission in vaccines and antiviral development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background: Hantaviruses are a group of emerging pathogens causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in human. This study was conducted to investigate ...Hantavirus infection among Iranian viral hemorrhagic fever suspected patients.
Methods: From April 2014 to June 2016, 113 cases from 25 different provinces of Iran were analyzed for Hantavirus infection by IgM/IgG ELISA and pan‐Hantavirus RT‐PCR tests.
Results: Although, viral genome was detected in none of the subjects, IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in 19 and 4 cases, respectively. Differentiation of the anti‐Hantavirus antibodies according to virus species by EUROLINE Anti‐Hantavirus Profile Kit revealed three Puumala virus IgM positive, one Hantaan virus IgM positive, one Hantaan virus IgM borderline, and two Puumala virus IgG borderline cases.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the circulation of Hantaviruses in Iran and calls for further investigations of these life‐threatening viruses in the country.
Highlight
Despite previous reports of Hantavirus existence in Iran, this group of viruses has been neglected in the country for past three decades. This study suggests the circulation of Hantaviruses in different parts in Iran and the need for further investigation of these emerging pathogens in wildlife and human.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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