Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens translocate effector proteins into host cells to establish infection. However, virulence targets and modes of action of their effectors are unknown. Effector AVR3a ...from potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans is translocated into host cells and occurs in two forms: AVR3a KI , which is detected by potato resistance protein R3a, strongly suppresses infestin 1 (INF1)-triggered cell death (ICD), whereas AVR3a EM , which evades recognition by R3a, weakly suppresses host ICD. Here we show that AVR3a interacts with and stabilizes host U-box E3 ligase CMPG1, which is required for ICD. In contrast, AVR3a KI/Y147del , a mutant with a deleted C-terminal tyrosine residue that fails to suppress ICD, cannot interact with or stabilize CMPG1. CMPG1 is stabilized by the inhibitors MG132 and epoxomicin, indicating that it is degraded by the 26S proteasome. CMPG1 is degraded during ICD. However, it is stabilized by mutations in the U-box that prevent its E3 ligase activity. In stabilizing CMPG1, AVR3a thus modifies its normal activity. Remarkably, given the potential for hundreds of effector genes in the P. infestans genome, silencing Avr3a compromises P. infestans pathogenicity, suggesting that AVR3a is essential for virulence. Interestingly, Avr3a silencing can be complemented by in planta expression of Avr3a KI or Avr3a EM but not the Avr3a KI/Y147del mutant. Our data provide genetic evidence that AVR3a is an essential virulence factor that targets and stabilizes the plant E3 ligase CMPG1, potentially to prevent host cell death during the biotrophic phase of infection.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Alkalophilic
Bacillus licheniformis NH1 strain produced at least five major extracellular proteases and a unique amylase as showed by zymography technique. The optimum pH and temperature for the ...proteolytic activity were 10.0 and 70
°C, respectively, while those of amylolytic activity were 6.5 and 90
°C, respectively. The alkaline proteases and thermostable α-amylase showed extreme stability towards non-ionic and anionic surfactants after pre-incubation for 1
h at 40
°C, and relative stability towards oxidizing agents. Additionally, the crude enzyme showed excellent stability and compatibility with various solid and liquid detergents. Wash performance analysis revealed that the NH1 crude enzyme could effectively remove a variety of stains, such as blood, chocolate and barbecue sauce. Considering its promising properties,
B. licheniformis NH1 crude enzyme containing both α-amylase and proteases activities may be considered a potential candidate for future use in detergent processing industries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment of prolactinomas. The risk of developing de novo psychiatric symptoms during dopamine agonist therapy is low. Herein, we report the case of a ...42-year-old woman with a giant prolactinoma who developed a psychiatric disorder after 1 day of cabergoline therapy initiation. She presented with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, headaches, and disturbed vision. Biological investigations revealed hyperprolactinemia (2975 ng/ml) with gonadotropin deficiency. Pituitary MRI showed a giant pituitary adenoma. The patient was treated with cabergoline at the dose of 1 mg twice weekly. One day after the treatment initiation, she developed acute delirium with temporospatial disorientation and compulsive medication use. These symptoms disappeared 1 week after the reduction of the dose of cabergoline. Patients with hyperprolactinemia receiving an initial high dose of cabergoline may develop changes in mood and behavior regardless of prior psychiatric history.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Lung cancer is one of the most common type of cancer and, despite significant advances in screening and diagnosis approaches, a large proportion of patients at diagnosis still present advanced stages ...of the disease with distant metastasis and bad prognosis. Finding and validating biomarkers of lung cancer is therefore essential. Such studies are often conducted on European, American and Asian populations and the relevance of these biomarkers in other populations remains less clear. In that prospect, we investigated the expression level of seven microRNAs, chosen from the medical literature (miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-103a-3p, miR-375-3p, miR-451a, miR-520-3p and miR-let-7e-5p), in the blood of Tunisian lung cancer patients, treated or not by chemotherapy, and healthy control individuals. We found that high expression levels of circulating miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p and miR-451a in the plasma of untreated patients discriminate them from healthy control individuals. In addition, miR-16-5p and miR-451a expression levels are significantly reduced in the plasma of chemotherapy-treated patients compared to untreated patients. Our results confirmed previous work in other populations worldwide and provide further evidence that circulating miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p and miR-451a potentially regulate key pathways involved in the initiation and progression of cancer.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we consider a discrete-time queuing system with head-of-line non-preemptive priority scheduling and a single server subjected to server interruptions. We model the server interruptions ...by a correlated Markovian on/off process with geometrically distributed on and off periods. Two classes of traffic are considered, namely high-priority and low-priority traffic. In the first part of the paper, we derive an expression for the functional equation describing the transient evolution of this priority queuing system. This functional equation is then manipulated and transformed into a mathematical tractable form. This allows us to derive the joint probability generating function (pgf) of the system contents. From this pgf, closed-form expressions for various performance measures, such as mean and variance of system contents and customer delay can be derived. Finally, we illustrate our solution technique with some numerical examples, whereby we demonstrate the negative effect of correlation in the interruption process on the performance of both classes. Some numerical results illustrating the impact of second-order characteristics of the arrival process on mean delays are also presented. The proposed approach which is purely based on pgfs is entirely analytical and enables the derivation of not only steady-state but transient performance measures, as well. The paper presents new insights into the performance analysis of discrete-time queues with service interruption and it also covers some previously published results as a special case.
In this contribution, we consider a practical queuing model, with HOL priority scheduling, two classes of traffic, and a server which is subjected to a correlated Markovian interruption process. We first derive a non-linear functional equation relating the joint pgf of the system state vector between two consecutive slots. Then we outline a solution technique to solve for this functional equation. This allows us to derive the joint pgf of the system contents of both classes, from which various performance measures related to mean system contents and customer delays are derived. We also demonstrate how the proposed approach allows for derivation of transient performance measures, as well. It should be noted that detailed coverage of the transient analysis of the system is beyond the scope of this paper.
To our best knowledge, this is the first initiative that aims to explore the performance of queuing systems with priority scheduling when the shared server is subjected to service interruption. The paper also generalizes the results of Walraevens et al. (Analysis of a single-server ATM queue with priority scheduling, Computers & Operations Research 2003;
30(12):1807–30) by incorporating service interruption into their original queuing model. By means of numerical results, the paper also demonstrates the effect of correlation in the service interruption process on the performance of both classes of customers. The impact of second-order characteristics of the arrival process on mean delays is also investigated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The security of network infrastructures is one of the tedious tasks in modern networks. Indeed, nowadays’ demanded security must have as a characteristic the dynamism and the capacity to adapt to the ...context of the exchanges, in other words, security must not influence network performance. To meet this need, network automation through a software-defined network (SDN) controller can be used. SDN a new paradigm, allowing through a controller to orchestrate the entire network architecture. In this paper we propose a new solution for the dynamic generation of security policies between different MPLS VPN sites by adopting the SDN approach.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Crystal structure, FT-Raman, IR and UV–vis spectroscopy have been applied to investigate the potential nonlinear optical (NLO) material of Cd(SCN)2(C5H11NO2S)2n. Crystal structure of ...Cd(SCN)2(C5H11NO2S)2n shows that the one-dimensional chain is propagated through doubly bridging thiocyanate and l-methionine (C5H11NO2S) acts as terminal ligand. These chains are linked together by mean of NH⋯N and NH⋯O hydrogen bonds. Optimized molecular geometry, atomic Mulliken charges, harmonic vibrational frequencies, energies of frontier molecular orbitals (EHOMO and ELUMO), energy band gap (EHOMO–ELUMO), chemical potential (μ), chemical hardness (η), global electrophilicity index(ω) dipole moment, linear polarizability, and first order hyperpolarizability were calculated by Density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP method with double-zeta valence (LANL2DZ). The calculated structural parameters (bond lengths and angles) are in good agreement with the experimental XRD data. DFT is also applied to explore the nonlinear optical properties of this material. This compound exhibits non-zero static first hyperpolarizabilities values so it might have microscopic NLO behavior. A detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra was carried out with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology. Good consistency is found between the calculated results and experimental data for the IR and Raman spectra.
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•Crystal structure of polybis(l-methionine)-κ S:O cadmium (II) di-μ-thiocyanato- κ2 N:S; κ2 S:N is reported.•Optical absorption properties of Cd(SCN)2(C5H11NO2S)2n were determined.•The vibrational frequencies were calculated by the use of DFT method with the B3LYP functional and LanL2DZ basis set.•IR and Raman wavenumbers are assigned using PED analysis.•The HOMO–LUMO energies and related molecular properties were evaluated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This work covers some physical investigations on (Co, Ni) codoped molybdenum oxide thin films deposited on glass substrates at 460 °C by the spray pyrolysis technique. The effects of Co and Ni ...contents on the structural, morphological, optical and magnetic properties of these films were studied using several physical investigations. First, X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of an orthorhombic structure related to α-MoO3 allotropic phase with (020) and (040) preferred orientations. Also, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the enhancement of the surface roughness of MoO3 films by cobalt and nickel concentrations. Second, the optical investigations through reflectance and transmittance measurements indicated a direct transition of all prepared thin films with a remarkable increase of the optical band gap from 3.70 to 3.95 eV with increasing both Co and Ni elements. Finally, the magnetic measurements at room temperature revealed a ferromagnetic behavior of Co and Ni codoped MoO3 films. A ferro-diamagnetic transition phenomenon was occurred for codoped film at Ni 2%and Co 2%.
•Co:Ni-codoped MoO3 thin films were synthesized by Spray pyrolysis.•MoO3 is a large band gap compound.•The deposit thin films crystallized in orthorhombic space group.•These films have interesting optical and magnetic properties.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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