Aim
To produce a framework for the development of a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide.
Background
Rigorous data collection procedures fundamentally influence the results of studies. The ...semi‐structured interview is a common data collection method, but methodological research on the development of a semi‐structured interview guide is sparse.
Design
Systematic methodological review.
Data sources
We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for methodological papers on semi‐structured interview guides from October 2004–September 2014. Having examined 2,703 titles and s and 21 full texts, we finally selected 10 papers.
Review methods
We analysed the data using the qualitative content analysis method.
Results
Our analysis resulted in new synthesized knowledge on the development of a semi‐structured interview guide, including five phases: (1) identifying the prerequisites for using semi‐structured interviews; (2) retrieving and using previous knowledge; (3) formulating the preliminary semi‐structured interview guide; (4) pilot testing the guide; and (5) presenting the complete semi‐structured interview guide.
Conclusion
Rigorous development of a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide contributes to the objectivity and trustworthiness of studies and makes the results more plausible. Researchers should consider using this five‐step process to develop a semi‐structured interview guide and justify the decisions made during it.
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Purpose
The aim of the study was to analyze and compare elderly care personnel attitudes toward care robots in Finland and Japan.
Design
Cross‐sectional survey in Finland and Japan.
Methods
The ...Finnish sample was collected from care personnel in home care facilities in five municipalities in 2016. The Japanese sample was collected from personnel in two rehabilitative day centers and three residential care homes for the elderly in the north of Honshu Island in 2017. The data were analyzed using basic statistical methods and calculated descriptive statistics (frequencies). Differences between the Finnish and Japanese data have been analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U test.
Findings
Overall, Japanese care personnel assessed the usefulness of robots more positively than did their Finnish counterparts. The data showed substantial national differences in the perceived importance of various potential tasks for care robots. The findings show that there are also certain fears related to the introduction of care robots, in particular among the Finnish care personnel.
Discussion
The data from the Japanese care personnel bring new perspectives to the concept of a close human–robot relationship. The differences seen in the results between Finland and Japan can be partly explained by cultural dissimilarity, but it is also known that Japan is a more developed country with regard to the use of robotics in nursing care. The research highlights the importance of cultural factors when examining the issue of care robotics. The factors affecting fear are a concern that care robots would be used to replace people, the dehumanization of treatment, and an increased loneliness in the elderly. Thus, further research is required to demonstrate the relationship between different cultural factors, and attitudes and conceptions toward care robots.
Clinical Relevance
Management plays a key role when implementing robotics. It is important to help care personnel accept care robots, and to diminish any fears that their introduction would make the treatment of elderly people inhumane or in some way add to their loneliness. As such, education is crucial in changing attitudes and making care personnel understand that care robots can perform routine tasks, allowing care personnel to focus on providing improved care and nursing.
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Autonomy has been recognised as a key principle in healthcare, but we still need to develop a consistent understanding of older people’s perceived autonomy in residential care. This study aimed to ...identify, describe and synthesise previous studies on the perceived autonomy of older people in residential care. Ethical approval was not required, as this was a review of published literature. We carried out an integrative review to synthesise previous knowledge published in peer-review journals in English up to September 2019. Electronic and manual searches were conducted using the CINAHL, Philosopher’s Index, PubMed, SocINDEX, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The data were analysed using the constant comparison method. The review identified 46 studies. Perceived autonomy referred to the opportunities that older people had to make their own choices about their daily life in residential care, and achieving autonomy promoted both health and quality of life. Autonomy was linked to older people’s individual capacities, including their level of independence, physical and mental competence, personal characteristics, and whether relatives shared and supported their perceived autonomy. Professionals could facilitate or hinder older peoples’ autonomy in a number of ways, including providing opportunities for autonomy, how daily care needs and activities were managed, and controlling older people’s choices. Professionals’ characteristics, such as education and attitudes, and the older people’s living environments were also associated with their perceived autonomy and included organisational characteristics and physical and social care facilitators. Older people’s perceived autonomy promoted health and quality of life in residential care. However, their autonomy was associated with a number of protective and restrictive individual and environmental factors, which influenced whether autonomy was achieved.
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Background
Nurses play a crucial role in enabling older people's autonomy in residential care. However, there is a lack of synthesised knowledge about how nurses can support older people.
Objective
...The aim of this study was to identify and synthesise nursing support for older people's autonomy in residential care.
Methods
An integrative review was carried out by searching the CINAHL, Philosopher's index, PubMed, SocINDEX, Scopus and Web of Science databases, supplemented by manual searches. The searches focused on peer‐reviewed scientific empirical research papers published in English, without date limitations. The constant comparison method was used for the analysis.
Results
The review identified 24 papers, and these showed that older people's autonomy was based on dignity. Nurses protected older people's autonomy in eight different ways. They protected their right to make their own decisions, acted as advocates, respected their wishes, provided opportunities for autonomy, fostered independence, gave information to residents and relatives, provided individualised care practices and protected older people's safety. However, there were also barriers that needed to be overcome.
Conclusions
Nurses used multiple, individually tailored activities to support older people's autonomy, but they also had different reasons for supporting or hindering it. Work and leadership structures are needed to ensure that older people's autonomy is driven by ethical practices.
Implications for practice
The results of this review can help nurses who provide residential care for older people to recognise the different nursing activities that can be used to support older people's autonomy and to develop strategies to apply them in different daily care situations. However, further research is needed to determine how these activities can be realised in daily care and how they cover different aspects of older people's lives in residential care.
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Collegiality is one of the fundamental values of the nursing profession. During the nursing history, collegiality has been described as part of a nurse’s relationship with their peers and it ...influences the quality of care they provide and job satisfaction and commitment to their work. Despite earlier definitions, the concept of collegiality in nursing has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the concept of collegiality in the nursing profession, using Rodger’s evolutionary concept analysis. We carried out electronic searches using the CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SocINDEX, PsycINFO and Eric databases and manual searches of the reference lists of the selected papers. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed papers published in English language from the inception of database to November 2022. This identified 25 papers. Based on our analysis, the attributes of the concept of collegiality were achieving mutual goals together with equality, reciprocity, trusted advocacy, powerful self-regulation and engaged belongingness. Antecedents of the concept included existing professional group, connection between professionals and professional self-esteem. The consequences were strengthening nurses’ professional status, job satisfaction and their ability to provide the best possible patient care. We found that nurses’ collegiality was a value-based concept, with a unique character based on professional connections. The concept brought together ethical and pragmatic strategies to achieve the best possible results for the nursing profession. Provided knowledge can be applied for further development of the concept and applying it in clinical research and practice. The concept of nurses’ collegiality should also be studied in the future because both the profession and their working environment are constantly changing.
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Background
Dignity is a central human value supported by nurses’ professional ethics. In previous studies, nurses in clinical practice have experienced that dignity increased their work well-being ...and pride of work. Dignity is also strictly interweaved to professional identity in the different nursing’ roles, but little is known about dignity among public health nurses and primary care settings.
Purpose
This study aimed to describe the perceptions of nursing's professional dignity of public health nurses in primary care in Finland.
Research design
An inductive qualitative descriptive approach with semi-structured focus group interviews was utilised.
Participants and research context
Twenty-seven Finnish public health nurses were interviewed via eight semi-structured focus group interviews in primary health care settings.
Ethical considerations
Before data collection, research permissions were obtained from participating health care centres. This type of research in Finland, with competent adult participants, does not require ethical pre-assessment but written and oral informed consent obtained before the interviews.
Findings
Based on our findings, public health nurses perceived that professional dignity was (1) part of their self-respect, an observed daily value based on their acknowledged competence. Besides, they perceived that (2) service users’ trust in public health nurses was a strong expression of professional dignity, and it could be uncovered when recipients of care utilised their services. In addition, public health nurses experienced that (3) professional dignity was an expression of different intertwined interprofessional and social factors.
Discussion and conclusion
Professional dignity is simultaneously an essential prerequisite and an outcome of public health nurses’ work. In future, more information would be needed to implement strategies in primary health care to foster nurses’ professional dignity also in international public health arenas.
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Background:
A growing body of evidence about nurses’ ethical conflicts has been added to nursing science in recent decades, but no research has been done in Estonia. Ethical conflicts are a cultural ...and context sensitive phenomenon, so the historical, legal, social, economic and political backgrounds and position of nursing have had an impact on ethical conflict experiences.
Aim:
Describe nurses’ experiences of ethical conflicts.
Method:
A qualitative, descriptive study was conducted among nurses (n = 21) in May-October 2018 in Estonia. The data were collected in the form of semi-structured individual interviews and analysed using the inductive content analysis method.
Ethical considerations:
Due to the sensitive nature of the research topic, only individual interviews were carried out.
Findings:
Nurses’ ethical conflicts were related to situations that violated the rights, safety or well-being of the patient or relatives, caused them suffering, were against their will or threatened nurses’ dignity and professionalism through a variety of practices, attitudes and relationships. The insufficiency of patient care and professional collaboration emerged as important sources of nurses’ ethical conflicts and were connected to historical and societal factors.
Conclusions:
In order to achieve good quality of care, nurses need to have appropriate education and organisational support to carry out ethical daily care. More research is needed to understand the multidimensional cultural and contextual knowledge of ethics and nurses’ ethical conflicts.
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ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
This study described how adolescents and the parents saw their moral responsibilities with regard to adolescents using alcohol.
METHODS
This was a deductive secondary analysis, ...based on Hart's taxonomy of moral responsibility. The primary studies were based on 19 group interviews with 87 adolescents aged 14‐16 and 17 interviews with 20 parents. Voluntary participants were recruited by purposive sampling from two public schools in Finland.
RESULTS
Role responsibilities comprised of adolescents taking care of themselves and parents providing authority figures and helping adolescents to make rational decisions about alcohol. Capacity responsibilities referred to adolescents' abilities to make independent decisions on using alcohol and their developing abilities to control their actions. Parents required abilities to get involved in and show an interest in their children's everyday lives. Causal responsibilities focused on ensuring that adolescents did not cause harm when they used alcohol, and parents had to acknowledge and react to the consequences. Liability responsibilities were about the law on alcohol use and responsibilities for any legal consequences. The role schools could play was important.
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents and parents had wide‐ranging responsibilities related to the adolescents' using alcohol and school nurses could play an important role in healthy decisions.
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Background
Future nursing shortages and advanced technological developments mean that robots and automated devices could play a valuable role in nursing, but little has been published on their use, ...and outcomes, to date.
Aim
This integrative review identified how robots are currently used in nursing and the outcomes of those initiatives.
Design
This study used integrative review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses.
Data sources
We searched the CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for peer‐reviewed papers published in English from January 2010 to August 2018.
Review methods
The five‐stage review process by Whittemore and Knafl was used.
Results
The 25 included papers showed that robots and automated devices were mainly used in nursing to deliver medication, monitor patients, and provide nursing treatments. The outcomes were evaluated in relation to patient safety, working time and workload, usability, and the end users' satisfaction. In addition, the costs, care outcomes, nurses' behaviour, and changes in working procedures were considered.
Conclusions
Robots and automated devices have the potential to develop nurses' work, but more research and critical evaluations are needed to find the most suitable devices and focus on the functions that will provide the best outcomes for nurses' work.
SUMMARY STATEMENT
What is already known about this topic?
The use of robotics in care has been of increased interest to researchers in recent years.
Nurses are the largest staff group in health care; and nursing shortages, greater care needs, and technological advances are driving the need for changes to nursing practice.
A number of researchers have considered how automated devices can deliver traditional nursing functions.
What this paper adds?
This paper provides an integrated review of how robots and automated devices can be used in nursing.
To date, the most commonly studied field has been dispensing medication, and the most frequent outcomes have been medication errors.
Other research areas have been patient monitoring and nursing treatments, and studies have highlighted the outcomes of nursing workloads, working time, and user satisfaction.
The implications of this paper:
The results of this paper can be used to identify the nursing fields that can effectively use robotics and automated devices in clinical care and the expected outcomes. This knowledge can also be used by nursing managers to develop nurses' work.
Based on our analysis of the existing research studies, it is very clear that more research is needed in this area.
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Background
Professional care workers face ethical issues in long-term care settings (LTCS) for older adults. They need to be independent and responsible, despite limited resources, a shortage of ...skilled professionals, global and societal changes, and the negative reputation of LTCS work.
Research aim
Our aim was to describe the care workers’ lived experiences of ethical issues. The findings can be used to gain new perspectives and to guide decision-making to improve the quality of care, occupational well-being and nursing education.
Research design
Focus group interviews were analyzed using a hermeneutic-phenomenological method. The analysis comprised three steps: naïve reading, structural analysis, and comprehensive understanding.
Participants and research context
We randomly sampled LTCS service providers in Finland and 53 care workers with different educational backgrounds from seven organizations participated in focus group interviews in 2021.
Ethical considerations
This was a sensitive study, which was connected to the participants’ individual views of the world, professional ethics and social and health care legislation. The participants' provided informed consent and their anonymity was guaranteed.
Findings
Care workers spoke about their lived experiences of ethical issues in an emotional way, using practical examples. They talked about how they were experts at caring and advocating for residents, balanced the responsibilities of their different roles, and defended their work to the wider society. The care workers said that ethical aspects of their work were too difficult to solve on their own. There were elements of their working environment and practices that caused unnecessary strain and they needed the commitment of managers, organizations, and society to solve ethical issues in LTCS.
Conclusions
Ethical issues were related to the well-being of both residents and care workers and reflected both internal and external pressures. Some issues could not be resolved by individuals and needed input from managers, organizations, and society.
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