BACKGROUND: Due to a lack of unified recommendations, difficulties often arise when making diagnoses, as well as selecting and coding according to ICD-10 of the initial cause of death in cases of ...fatal outcomes of patients after organ transplantation.
AIM: To offer practical recommendations on the formulation of diagnoses, selection, and coding according to ICD-10 of the initial cause of death in cases of fatal outcomes based on the experience of the pathology department at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty autopsy reports of fatal outcomes in patients after organ transplantation at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine for 7 years (20162022) were analyzed.
RESULTS: Based on the results of the analysis, taking into account the literature data, recommendations for making diagnoses, selecting, and coding according to ICD-10 of the initial cause of death of patients after organ transplantation were formulated.
CONCLUSION: The developed recommendations on the formulation of diagnoses in patients death cases after organ transplantation can be used in the daily practice of forensic medical experts.
Introduction. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immune disorders that create conditions for the reactivation of human herpesviruses (HHVs). However, the estimates of the HHVs effect on the course and ...outcome of COVID-19 are ambiguous. Аim – to study the possible relationship between the HHV reactivation and the adverse outcome of COVID-19. Materials and methods. Postmortem samples from the brain, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and lungs were obtained from 59 patients treated at the Moscow Infectious Diseases Hospital No.1 in 2021–2023. The group 1 comprised 39 patients with fatal COVID-19; group 2 (comparison group) included 20 patients not infected with SARS-CoV-2 who died from various somatic diseases. HHV DNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA were determined by PCR. Results. HHV DNA was found in autopsy samples from all patients. In group 1, EBV was most often detected in lymph nodes (94%), HHV-6 in liver (68%), CMV in lymph nodes (18%), HSV in brain (16%), VZV in lung and spleen (3% each). The detection rates of HHVs in both groups was similar. Important differences were found in viral load. In patients with COVID-19, the number of samples containing more than 1,000 copies of HHV DNA per 100,000 cells was 52.4%, in the comparison group – 16.6% (p 0.002). An association has been established between the reactivation of HSV and HHV-6 and the severity of lung damage. Reactivation of EBV correlated with increased levels of liver enzymes. Conclusion. Reactivation of HHVs in patients with fatal COVID-19 was associated with severe lung and liver damages, which indicates a link between HHV reactivation and COVID-19 deaths.
Thermodynamic calculations were carried out and technological phase diagrams of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu system alloy were constructed with the minimum, maximum concentrations of alloying elements and with ...the maximum possible impurity content. It was found that the S phase (Al2CuMg) is released at the maximum content of alloying elements in the alloy, which increases the hot cracks formation likelihood. The effect of zinc, which was added to the melt in various ways, on the structure and properties of the Al-Mg-Cu system alloy, is investigated. It has been shown that the superheat temperature and zinc concentration essentially affect the structure and hardness of the alloy. The grain size increases about three times when the melt is overheated to 1100 ºС or 1150 ºС compared to overheating to 750 ºС. In contrast, the dendrite parameter decreases with overheating, although not significantly. When the melt is heated to a temperature of 1150 ºС, the size of the dendritic parameter decreases by 1.16 and 1.47 times in the cast samples into which zinc was introduced by ligature and bell, respectively. The size of the dendrite cell of the cast sample is approximately 25 microns if zinc has been introduced in a vapor state into not overheated melt at 650 ° C using a reactor, and the cell size is slightly reduced by 1.1 times to 23 microns, when the melt overheats to 1100 ° C.
The field of synthetic metals is, and remains, highly influential for the development of organic semiconductor materials. Yet, with the passing of time and the rapid development of conjugated ...materials in recent years, the link between synthetic metals and organic semiconductors is at risk of being forgotten. This review reflects on one of the key concepts developed in synthetic metals – heteroatom interactions. The application of this strategy in recent organic semiconductor materials, small molecules and polymers, is highlighted, with analysis of X‐ray crystal structures and comparisons with model systems used to determine the influence of these non‐covalent short contacts. The case is made that the wide range of effective heteroatom interactions and the high performance that has been achieved in devices from organic solar cells to transistors is testament to the seeds sown by the synthetic metals research community.
Intermolecular heteroatom interactions are well‐known phenomena in organic charge transfer salts and are responsible for bulk metallic conductivity and even superconductivity. In this review, it is seen that the same interactions can be applied in organic semiconductors to increase bulk dimensionality through intermolecular contacts, and control molecular conformation through intramolecular interactions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Strategies for the design and construction of non-linear, 2D and 3D conjugated macromolecules are presented in this critical review. The materials, termed here as star-shaped structures, feature a ...core unit which may or may not provide conjugated links between arms that radiate like spokes from a central axle. The arms of the macromolecules consist of linear oligomers or irregular conjugated chains lacking a formal repeat unit. The cores range from simple atoms to single or fused aromatic units and can provide a high level of symmetry to the overall structure. The physical properties of the star-shaped materials can be markedly different to their simple, linear conjugated analogues. These differences are highlighted and we report on anomalies in absorption/emission characteristics, electronic energy levels, thermal properties and morphology of thin films. We provide numerous examples for the application of star-shaped conjugated macromolecules in organic semiconductor devices; a comparison of their device performance with those comprising analogous linear systems provides clear evidence that the star-shaped compounds are an important class of material in organic electronics. Moreover, these structures are monodisperse, well-defined, discrete molecules with 100% synthetic reproducibility, and possess high purity and excellent solubility in common organic solvents. They feature many of the attributes of plastic materials (good film-forming properties, thermal stability, flexibility) and are therefore extremely attractive alternatives to conjugated polymers (210 references).
Conspectus One of the most desirable and advantageous attributes of organic materials chemistry is the ability to tune the molecular structure to achieve targeted physical properties. This can be ...performed to achieve specific values for the ionization potential or electron affinity of the material, the absorption and emission characteristics, charge transport properties, phase behavior, solubility, processability, and many other properties, which in turn can help push the limits of performance in organic semiconductor devices. A striking example is the ability to make subtle structural changes to a conjugated macromolecule to vary the absorption and emission properties of a generic chemical structure. In this Account, we demonstrate that target properties for specific photonic applications can be achieved from different types of semiconductor structures, namely, monodisperse star-shaped molecules, complex linear macromolecules, and conjugated polymers. The most appropriate material for any single application inevitably demands consideration of a trade-off of various properties; in this Account, we focus on applications such as organic lasers, electrogenerated chemiluminescence, hybrid light emitting diodes, and visible light communications. In terms of synthesis, atom and step economies are also important. The star-shaped structures consist of a core unit with 3 or 4 functional connection points, to which can be attached conjugated oligomers of varying length and composition. This strategy follows a convergent synthetic pathway and allows the isolation of target macromolecules in good yield, high purity, and absolute reproducibility. It is a versatile approach, providing a wide choice of constituent molecular units and therefore varying properties, while the products share many of the desirable attributes of polymers. Constructing linear conjugated macromolecules with multifunctionality can lead to complex synthetic routes and lower atom and step economies, inferior processability, and lower thermal or chemical stability, but these materials can be designed to provide a range of different targeted physical properties. Conventional conjugated polymers, as the third type of structure, often feature so-called “champion” properties. The synthetic challenge is mainly concerned with monomer synthesis, but the final polymerization sequence can be hard to control, leading to variable molecular weights and polydispersities and some degree of inconsistency in the properties of the same material between different synthetic batches. If a champion characteristic persists between samples, then the variation of other properties between batches can be tolerable, depending on the target application. In the case of polymers, we have chosen to study PPV-type polymers with bulky side groups that provide protection of their conjugated backbone from π–π stacking interactions. These polymers exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) in films and short radiative lifetimes and are an important benchmark to monodisperse star-shaped systems in terms of different absorption/emission regions. This Account therefore outlines the advantages and special features of monodisperse star-shaped macromolecules for photonic applications but also considers the two alternative classes of materials and highlights the pros and cons of each class of conjugated structure.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
We demonstrate the nonaqueous self-assembly of a low-molecular-mass organic gelator based on an electroactive p-type tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)–dipeptide bioconjugate. We show that a TTF moiety ...appended with diphenylalanine amide derivative (TTF-FF-NH2) self-assembles into one-dimensional nanofibers that further lead to the formation of self-supporting organogels in chloroform and ethyl acetate. Upon doping of the gels with electron acceptors (TCNQ/iodine vapor), stable two-component charge transfer gels are produced in chloroform and ethyl acetate. These gels are characterized by various spectroscopy (UV–vis–NIR, FTIR, and CD), microscopy (AFM and TEM), rheology, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Furthermore, conductivity measurements performed on TTF-FF-NH2 xerogel nanofiber networks formed between gold electrodes on a glass surface indicate that these nanofibers show a remarkable enhancement in the conductivity after doping with TCNQ.
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Chirality induction into a uniform, star-shaped fluorene oligomer with a central truxene moiety (T3) was achieved using circularly polarized light in the presence of achiral fluorene or phenanthrene. ...Induction into T3 alone was difficult, suggesting that close chain packing realized through interactions of T3 with small molecules plays a role in chirality induction.
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