The xenobiotic nature and lack of degradability of polymeric materials has resulted in vast levels of environmental pollution and numerous health hazards. Different strategies have been developed and ...still more research is being in progress to reduce the impact of these polymeric materials. This work aimed to isolate and characterize polyester polyurethane (PU) degrading fungi from the soil of a general city waste disposal site in Islamabad, Pakistan. A novel PU degrading fungus was isolated from soil and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis on the basis of colony morphology, macro- and micro-morphology, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. The PU degrading ability of the fungus was tested in three different ways in the presence of 2% glucose: (a) on SDA agar plate, (b) in liquid MSM, and (c) after burial in soil. Our results indicated that this strain of A. tubingensis was capable of degrading PU. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we were able to visually confirm that the mycelium of A. tubingensis colonized the PU material, causing surface degradation and scarring. The formation or breakage of chemical bonds during the biodegradation process of PU was confirmed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The biodegradation of PU was higher when plate culture method was employed, followed by the liquid culture method and soil burial technique. Notably, after two months in liquid medium, the PU film was totally degraded into smaller pieces. Based on a comprehensive literature search, it can be stated that this is the first report showing A. tubingensis capable of degrading PU. This work provides insight into the role of A. tubingensis towards solving the dilemma of PU wastes through biodegradation.
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•Aspergillus tubingensis was isolated, identified, and found to degrade polyurethane (PU).•The SEM and ATR-FTIR results clearly showed the degradation on the surface of PU.•Esterase and lipase activities were determined in the presence of different supplements to medium.•This is the first report showing A. tubingensis capable of degrading PU.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from
Rosa
(
Rosaceae
) and a few other hosts. Novel fungal taxa are ...described in the present study, including 17 new genera, 93 new species, four combinations, a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.
Bhatiellae
,
Cycasicola
,
Dactylidina
,
Embarria
,
Hawksworthiana
,
Italica
,
Melanocucurbitaria
,
Melanodiplodia
,
Monoseptella
,
Uzbekistanica
,
Neoconiothyrium
,
Neopaucispora
,
Pararoussoella
,
Paraxylaria
,
Marjia
,
Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria
are introduced as new ascomycete genera. We also introduce the new species
Absidia jindoensis
,
Alternaria doliconidium
,
A
.
hampshirensis
,
Angustimassarina rosarum
,
Astragalicola vasilyevae
,
Backusella locustae
,
Bartalinia rosicola
,
Bhatiellae rosae
,
Broomella rosae
,
Castanediella camelliae
,
Coelodictyosporium rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosae
,
C
.
rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosigena
,
Coniochaeta baysunika
,
C. rosae
,
Cycasicola goaensis
,
Dactylidina shoemakeri
,
Dematiopleospora donetzica
,
D
.
rosicola
,
D
.
salsolae
,
Diaporthe rosae
,
D
.
rosicola
,
Endoconidioma rosae
-
hissaricae
,
Epicoccum rosae
,
Hawksworthiana clematidicola
,
H
.
lonicerae
,
Italica achilleae
,
Keissleriella phragmiticola
,
K
.
rosacearum
,
K
.
rosae
,
K
.
rosarum
,
Lophiostoma rosae
,
Marjia tianschanica
,
M
.
uzbekistanica
,
Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica
,
Melanodiplodia tianschanica
,
Monoseptella rosae
,
Mucor fluvius
,
Muriformistrickeria rosae
,
Murilentithecium rosae
,
Neoascochyta rosicola
,
Neoconiothyrium rosae
,
Neopaucispora rosaecae
,
Neosetophoma rosarum
,
N
.
rosae
,
N
.
rosigena
,
Neostagonospora artemisiae
,
Ophiobolus artemisiicola
,
Paraconiothyrium rosae
,
Paraphaeosphaeria rosae
,
P
.
rosicola
,
Pararoussoella rosarum
,
Parathyridaria rosae
,
Paraxylaria rosacearum
,
Penicillium acidum
,
P
.
aquaticum
,
Phragmocamarosporium rosae
,
Pleospora rosae
,
P
.
rosae
-
caninae
,
Poaceicola agrostina
,
P
.
arundinicola
,
P
.
rosae
,
Populocrescentia ammophilae
,
P
.
rosae
,
Pseudocamarosporium pteleae
,
P
.
ulmi
-
minoris
,
Pseudocercospora rosae
,
Pseudopithomyces rosae
,
Pseudostrickeria rosae
,
Sclerostagonospora lathyri
,
S
.
rosae
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seimatosporium rosigenum
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seiridium rosarum
,
Setoseptoria arundelensis
,
S
.
englandensis
,
S
.
lulworthcovensis
,
Sigarispora agrostidis
,
S
.
caryophyllacearum
,
S
.
junci
,
S
.
medicaginicola
,
S
.
rosicola
,
S
.
scrophulariae
,
S
.
thymi
,
Sporormurispora atraphaxidis
,
S
.
pruni
,
Suttonomyces rosae
,
Umbelopsis sinsidoensis
,
Uzbekistanica rosae
-
hissaricae
,
U
.
yakutkhanika
,
Wojnowicia rosicola
,
Xenomassariosphaeria rosae
. New host records are provided for
Amandinea punctata
,
Angustimassarina quercicola
,
Diaporthe rhusicola
,
D. eres
,
D. foeniculina
,
D. rudis
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Dothiorella iberica
,
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
,
Lecidella elaeochroma
,
Muriformistrickeria rubi
,
Neofusicoccum australe
,
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
,
Pleurophoma pleurospora
,
Sigarispora caulium
and
Teichospora rubriostiolata
. The new combinations are
Dactylidina dactylidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis
),
Embarria clematidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria clematidis
),
Hawksworthiana alliariae
(=
Dematiopleospora alliariae
) and
Italica luzulae
(=
Dematiopleospora luzulae
). This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on
Rosa
species and especially those on
Rosa
spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera, 45 new species, and nine new host records. We also collected taxa from
Rosa
stems and there was 31% (20/65) overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines. Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location, it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of
Rosa
differ from those on stems. The study however, does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity. This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Wild mushrooms are a vital source of income and nutrition for many poor communities and of value to recreational foragers. Literature relating to the edibility of mushroom species continues to ...expand, driven by an increasing demand for wild mushrooms, a wider interest in foraging, and the study of traditional foods. Although numerous case reports have been published on edible mushrooms, doubt and confusion persist regarding which species are safe and suitable to consume. Case reports often differ, and the evidence supporting the stated properties of mushrooms can be incomplete or ambiguous. The need for greater clarity on edible species is further underlined by increases in mushroom‐related poisonings. We propose a system for categorizing mushroom species and assigning a final edibility status. Using this system, we reviewed 2,786 mushroom species from 99 countries, accessing 9,783 case reports, from over 1,100 sources. We identified 2,189 edible species, of which 2,006 can be consumed safely, and a further 183 species which required some form of pretreatment prior to safe consumption or were associated with allergic reactions by some. We identified 471 species of uncertain edibility because of missing or incomplete evidence of consumption, and 76 unconfirmed species because of unresolved, differing opinions on edibility and toxicity. This is the most comprehensive list of edible mushrooms available to date, demonstrating the huge number of mushrooms species consumed. Our review highlights the need for further information on uncertain and clash species, and the need to present evidence in a clear, unambiguous, and consistent manner.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
For centuries,
has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that
species have a variety of beneficial medicinal ...properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of
species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether
is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from
, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years,
triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25
species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of
triterpenoids.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ophioceras is accommodated in the monotypic family Ophioceraceae (Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes), and the genus is delimited based on molecular data. During an ongoing survey of bambusicolous fungi ...in southwest China, we collected a submerged decaying branch of bamboo from Sichuan Province, China and an Ophioceras species occurring on this substrate was observed and isolated. An Ophioceras taxon was delimited based on morphological characteristics and combined LSU, RPB1 and ITS sequence analyses and is described as Ophioceras sichuanense sp. nov. The species formed a well-supported clade basal to Ophioceras (100% ML, 1.00 PP). Based on the updated phylogenetic tree of Magnaporthales, Ceratosphaerella castillensis (generic type) and C. rhizomorpha formed a clade within Ophioceras and morphologically resemble Ophioceras. Therefore, Ceratosphaerella is synonymized under Ophioceras. The phylogenetic relationships of Ophioceras are discussed in relation to morphological similarities of genera in Magnaporthales. The generic circumscription of Ophioceras is emended.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other ...fungi, bacteria, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Moreover, fungi can be grown with relative ease, making production at scale viable. The search for fungal biodiversity, and the construction of a living fungi collection, both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products. This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology. We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers. We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products. Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Demarcation of family, genus and species boundaries in the
Diaporthales
has been tentative due to uninformative illustrations and descriptions, overlapping morphological characteristics, misplacement ...or poor condition of type specimens and shortage of molecular data from ex-type cultures. In this study, we obtained the type specimens or other authentic specimens of diaporthalean taxa from worldwide fungaria. We examined, described and illustrated them. This study is based on morphological characters from type or authentic specimens, details from protologue and original illustrations and molecular data obtained from GenBank. Combined analyses of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-α sequence data were used to construct the molecular phylogeny. Additionally, we provided separate phylogenetic trees for families when necessary to show the generic distribution within these families based on suitable gene markers. Based on morphology and phylogeny, we treat 17 genera previously assigned to
Diaporthales
genera
incertae sedis
within several families. For some genera we have designated new generic types as they are lacking type species or type species have affiliations with other families. We exclude
Anisomycopsis
from
Diaporthales
and place it in
Xylariomycetidae
genera
incertae sedis. Tirisporellaceae
, which was previously placed in
Tirisporellales
is placed in
Diaporthales
based on phylogeny and morphology. A new combination,
Dendrostoma leiphaemia
propose for
Amphiporthe leiphaemia
(Fr.) Butin. Based on the morphological characters and molecular data we accept 27 families and 138 genera within
Diaporthales
, 24 genera in
Diaporthales
genera
incertae sedis
and one genus in
Xylariomycetidae
genera
incertae sedis.
We provide notes for genera in
Diaporthales
genera
incertae sedis
, and excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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