To assess and analyze the impact of clinical simulation as a training tool in healthcare teams ability to resolve and manage conflicts, through an exploratory systematic review.
A structured ...literature review was performed with the terms Clinical Simulation OR Patient Simulation OR Simulation Training OR High Fidelity simulation Training AND Conflict OR Conflict Resolution in the following databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, Scielo, PubMed, CINHAL, ScienceDirect, MEDES, IBECS y DOCUMED. Articles were considered if they involved clinical simulation oriented to training of healthcare professionals or trainees in conflict management, using clinical scenarios, and excluding those studies older than 20 years. Absence of debriefing was not considered an exclusion criterion, neither the use of simulation along with other methodologies. A quantitative analysis was performed.
10 articles were retrieved, mostly with quasi-experimental designs, in which clinical simulation was designed as an interprofessional training and was used with multiple other methodologies like roleplay, reflexive practice and audiovisual aids, strategy that suggest an increase its effectivity. Different scenarios have been recreated, like decision-making divergences and management of medical errors, in order to apply the competences of mediation, communication, emotional skills among others, and followed by debriefing. The use of validated scales and conventional assessment methods reveal a positive impact on satisfaction, perception and learning of students, as well as transfer to clinical practice and decrease in errors.
Multiple studies describe and support the use of clinical simulation for training in management and resolution of conflicts among healthcare professionals. Simulation is accepted by participants, developing transfer of skills and competences and impact at the organizational level. Nonetheless, studies are recent and limited in number, making this area a developing field that promotes future research.
Explorar y analizar el uso de la simulación clínica para la formación y/o capacitación de equipos clínicos en el manejo y resolución de conflictos en salud, mediante una revisión sistemática exploratoria.
Se realizó una búsqueda con los términos Clinical Simulation OR Patient Simulation OR Simulation Training OR High Fidelity simulation Training AND Conflict OR Conflict Resolution en las bases de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, Scielo, PubMed, CINHAL, ScienceDirect, MEDES, IBECS y DOCUMED. Los límites fueron el uso de la simulación clínica orientado a la formación en el manejo de conflictos en estudiantes o profesionales de la salud, con uso de escenarios clínicos, excluyendo aquellos con más de 20 años. No se consideró excluyente el uso o no de debriefing, ni el uso de simulación junto a otras metodologías. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo.
Se obtuvieron diez artículos, mayoritariamente cuasi-experimentales en los cuales la simulación clínica se utiliza prioritariamente de forma interprofesional para la capacitación en manejo de conflictos clínicos en conjunto a otras metodologías tales como role play, práctica reflexiva y uso de recursos audiovisuales, lo cual sugiere aumentar su efectividad. Se han recreado situaciones como discrepancia en la toma de decisiones y manejo de errores médicos, buscando aplicar competencias de mediación, comunicación y habilidades emocionales entre otras, seguidas de debriefing. La aplicación de escalas validadas y métodos convencionales revelan un impacto positivo en la satisfacción, percepción y aprendizaje de los participantes, así como en la transferencia y disminución de errores atribuidos a la atención.
Los estudios utilizan y apoyan el uso de la simulación clínica para la formación en el manejo y resolución de conflictos en salud, siendo aceptada por los participantes, generando transferencia e impacto a nivel organizacional. Sin embargo, los estudios son limitados y recientes, siendo un campo aún en desarrollo que invita a futuras investigaciones.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Septic shock presents a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Through therapeutic strategies, such as fluid administration and vasoactive agents, clinicians intend to rapidly restore tissue ...perfusion. Nonetheless, these interventions have narrow therapeutic margins. Adequate perfusion monitoring is paramount to avoid progressive hypoperfusion or detrimental over-resuscitation. During early stages of septic shock, macrohemodynamic derangements, such as hypovolemia and decreased cardiac output (CO) tend to predominate. However, during late septic shock, endothelial and coagulation dysfunction induce severe alterations of the microcirculation, making it more difficult to achieve tissue reperfusion. Multiple perfusion variables have been described in the literature, from bedside clinical examination to complex laboratory tests. Moreover, all of them present inherent flaws and limitations. After the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial, there is evidence that capillary refill time (CRT) is an interesting resuscitation target, due to its rapid kinetics and correlation with deep hypoperfusion markers. New concepts such as hemodynamic coherence and flow responsiveness may be used at the bedside to select the best treatment strategies at any time-point. A multimodal perfusion monitoring and an integrated analysis with macrohemodynamic parameters is mandatory to optimize the resuscitation of septic shock patients.
Background: The initial hemodynamic goal during septic shock resuscitation is to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mm Hg, although this does not assure a normal tissue perfusion. ...Capillary refill time (CRT), a marker of skin blood flow, has been validated as a marker of the reperfusion process. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between MAP and CRT in patients in septic shock. Methods: We systematically reviewed studies which reported CRT and MAP in septic shock patients. Authors of eligible studies were asked to provide necessary data for performing a meta-correlation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Subgroup analyses were performed, including studies of good quality and studies with higher/lower norepinephrine doses. Results: We identified 10 studies, comprising 917 patients. There were 5 studies considered to be of good quality. A meta-correlation showed a statistically significant but poor negative correlation between MAP and CRT (R = −0.158, range −0.221 to −0.093, P < .001, I2 = 0.0%). Subgroup analysis of best-quality studies gave similar results (R = −0.201, range −0.282 to −0.116, P < .001, I2 = 0.0%). In subanalysis concerning norepinephrine doses, no significant correlations were found. Conclusions: In patients with septic shock, there is poor inverse correlation between MAP and CRT. MAP > 65 mm Hg does not guarantee normalization of CRT.
Registration code: PROSPERO: CRD42022355996. Registered on 5 September 2022.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Persistent hyperlactatemia during septic shock is multifactorial. Hypoperfusion-related anaerobic production and adrenergic-driven aerobic generation together with impaired lactate clearance have ...been implicated. An excessive adrenergic response could contribute to persistent hyperlactatemia and adrenergic modulation might be beneficial. We assessed the effects of dexmedetomidine and esmolol on hemodynamics, lactate generation, and exogenous lactate clearance during endotoxin-induced septic shock.
Eighteen anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep were subjected to a multimodal hemodynamic/perfusion assessment including hepatic and portal vein catheterizations, total hepatic blood flow, and muscle microdialysis. After monitoring, all received a bolus and continuous infusion of endotoxin. After 1 h they were volume resuscitated, and then randomized to endotoxin-control, endotoxin-dexmedetomidine (sequential doses of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/k/h) or endotoxin-esmolol (titrated to decrease basal heart rate by 20 %) groups. Samples were taken at four time points, and exogenous lactate clearance using an intravenous administration of sodium L-lactate (1 mmol/kg) was performed at the end of the experiments.
Dexmedetomidine and esmolol were hemodynamically well tolerated. The dexmedetomidine group exhibited lower epinephrine levels, but no difference in muscle lactate. Despite progressive hypotension in all groups, both dexmedetomidine and esmolol were associated with lower arterial and portal vein lactate levels. Exogenous lactate clearance was significantly higher in the dexmedetomidine and esmolol groups.
Dexmedetomidine and esmolol were associated with lower arterial and portal lactate levels, and less impairment of exogenous lactate clearance in a model of septic shock. The use of dexmedetomidine and esmolol appears to be associated with beneficial effects on gut lactate generation and lactate clearance and exhibits no negative impact on systemic hemodynamics.
Objectives
High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is frequently used in patients with acute respiratory failure, but there is limited evidence regarding predictors of therapeutic failure. The objective of ...this study was to assess diaphragmatic ultrasound criteria as predictors of failure to HFNC, defined as the need for orotracheal intubation or death.
Methods
Prospective cohort study including adult patients consecutively admitted to the critical care unit, from July 24 to October 20, 2020, with respiratory failure secondary to SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia who required HFNC. After 12 hours of HFNC initiation we measured ROX index (ratio of SpO2/FiO2 to respiratory rate), excursion and diaphragmatic contraction speed (diaphragmatic excursion/inspiratory time) by ultrasound, both in supine and prone position.
Results
In total, 41 patients were analyzed, 25 succeeded and 16 failed HFNC therapy. At 12 hours, patients who succeeded HFNC therapy presented higher ROX index in supine position (9.8 9.1–15.6 versus 5.4 3.9–6.8, P < .01), and higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio (186 135–236 versus 117 103–162 mmHg, P = .03). To predict therapeutic failure, the supine diaphragmatic contraction speed presented sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 57%, while the ROX index presented a sensitivity of 92.8% and a specificity of 75%.
Conclusions
Diaphragmatic contraction speed by ultrasound emerges as a diagnostic complement to clinical tools to predict HFNC success. Future studies should confirm these results.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (BG-PDT) is an invasive procedure regularly performed in the intensive care unit. Risk of serious complications have been estimated in up to ...5%, focused during the learning phase. We have not found any published formal training protocols, and commercial simulators are costly and not widely available in some countries. The objective of this study was to present the design and simulator performance of a low-cost BG-PDT simulator.
A simulator was designed with materials available in a hardware store, synthetic skin pads, ex vivo bovine tracheas, and a pipe inspection camera. The simulator was tested in 8 experts and 9 novices. Sessions were video recorded, and participants were equipped with the Imperial College Surgical Device, a hand motion-tracking device. Performance was evaluated with a multimodal approach, including first attempt success rate, global success rate, total procedural time, Imperial College Surgical Device-derived proficiency parameters, and global rating scale applied blindly by 2 expert observers. A satisfaction survey was applied after the procedure.
A simulator was successfully constructed, allowing multiple iterations per assembly, with a fixed cost of US $30 and $4 per use. Experts had greater global and first attempt success rate, performed the procedure faster, and with greater proficiency. It presented high user satisfaction and fidelity.
A low-cost BG-PDT simulator was successfully constructed, with the ability to discriminate between experts and novices, and with high fidelity. Considering its ease of construction and cost, it can be replicated in almost any intensive care unit.
Assessing competency in surgical procedures is key for instructors to distinguish whether a resident is qualified to perform them on patients. Currently, assessment techniques do not always focus on ...providing feedback about the order in which the activities need to be performed. In this research, using a Process Mining approach, process-oriented metrics are proposed to assess the training of residents in a Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy (PDT) simulator, identifying the critical points in the execution of the surgical process.
A reference process model of the procedure was defined, and video recordings of student training sessions in the PDT simulator were collected and tagged to generate event logs. Three process-oriented metrics were proposed to assess the performance of the residents in training.
Although the students were proficient in classic metrics, they did not reach the optimum in process-oriented metrics. Only in 25% of the stages the optimum was achieved in the last session. In these stages, the four more challenging activities were also identified, which account for 32% of the process-oriented metrics errors.
Process-oriented metrics offer a new perspective on surgical procedures performance, providing a more granular perspective, which enables a more specific and actionable feedback for both students and instructors.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Unmet needs in global health are important issues, not yet solved by the international community. A variety of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and government institutions have tried ...to address this situation, developing multiple types of international cooperation (IC), such as humanitarian aid (HA), cooperation for development (CD) and medical missions (MM). In the last decades, we have witnessed an exponential growth in the creation and participation of these projects. Moreover, in the last 20 years, Chile has experimented a real paradigm switch, from a receiver to a provider of IC. Due to the recent surge in interest and relevance of the topic, we performed a narrative revision of the literature related with IC. In the present article, we characterize the different types of IC, with emphasis in MM: we address the risks, controversies and ethical problems associated with these activities. We finally propose some guidelines for the future development and promotion of MM.
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