To examine baseline characteristics and change in gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores in participants medically suspended (MS) from a physical activity intervention (PA).
...Randomized controlled trial.
University and community centers.
Sedentary older adults (N = 213) randomized to PA in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P).
MS was defined as missing 3 consecutive PA sessions in adoption and transition phases or 2 wk in maintenance phase because of a health event.
In all, 122 participants completed PA without MS (NMS subgroup), 48 participants underwent MS and resumed PA (SR subgroup), and 43 participants underwent MS and did not complete PA (SNR subgroup). At baseline, SNR walked slower (p = .03), took more prescribed medications (p = .02), and had lower SPPB scores than NMS and SR (p = .02). Changes from baseline to Month 12 SPPB scores were affected by suspension status, adjusted mean (SE) SPPB change: SNR 0.0957 (0.3184), SR 0.9413 (0.3063), NMS 1.0720 (0.1871); p = .03.
MS participants unable to return to complete the PA in a trial of mobility-limited sedentary older adults had slower walking speeds, lower SPPB scores, and a higher number of prescribed medications at baseline. Change in SPPB scores at 12 months was related to suspension status.
The present study adopted a social cognitive framework in which the theories of self-presentation (Leary & Kowalski, 1990) and self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997) were integrated with the Theory of ...Self-awareness (Duval & Wicklund, 1972) to determine the influence of the exercise environment on self-perceptions. A two-experiment study was conducted in which the exercise environment was manipulated in the laboratory and in a natural field setting. In experiment 1, college-aged females (n = 43) completed two acute bouts of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, in front of and not in front of a full length mirror, to determine the influence of self-evaluation on self-perceptions. A control condition of no exercise was also included. Measures of self-efficacy, affect, social physique anxiety, and physical self-esteem were completed prior to, immediately following, and twenty minutes post-exercise. Furthermore, attentional focus was assessed immediately following exercise and a personality factor, neuroticism, was statistically controlled. Results indicated that although attentional focus did not significantly differ between exercise conditions, participants reported significantly greater self-efficacy twenty minutes post-exercise in the mirror condition as compared to the no mirror and control conditions. Additionally, after controlling for neuroticism, no significant effects were found for affect either within or between conditions. Similarly, no significant effects were found for social physique anxiety and physical self-esteem. Experiment 2 was conducted to provide a more naturalistic field setting in which to test the influence of environments differing in evaluative potential on self-perceptions. College-aged women (n = 20) completed three bouts of group aerobic dance in different environmental conditions: self-evaluation, social evaluation, and no evaluation. Self-efficacy, social physique anxiety, and affect were assessed prior to and following the exercise bout. Participants experienced increases in self-efficacy in both the no evaluation and social evaluation conditions, but not the mirror condition. Psychological distress decreased in all conditions following exercise. However, social physique anxiety did not significantly change within or between conditions. The findings of the present have theoretical implications such that evidence was provided demonstrating the influence of evaluative environments on social cognitive constructs. Although several hypotheses were unsubstantiated, the unique approach adopted here suggests several avenues for future research.
Control of cell proliferation is dependent on the regulated expression of the cyclin genes. Induction of cyclin B1 gene expression in S phase has been shown to require sequences within the first 90 ...bp of the proximal promoter region. In this study, we defined the cell cycle regulatory elements within this region and explored the mechanism by which the cyclin B1 gene is activated. A CDE-like element that is important in S-phase regulation of other genes was not required for correct cell cycle expression of cyclin B1. Instead, two CCAAT boxes were essential for S-phase induction of cyclin B1 gene in both NIH3T3 and HeLa cells. Induction of cyclin B1 by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes were examined by cotransfection of the reporter along with appropriate expression vectors. Complexes of cdk4 with cyclin D1 or cdk2 with cyclin E or A can activate the cyclin B1 promoter, and activation is uniquely dependent on the CCAAT elements in both normal and heterologous contexts. This transcription factor NF-Y binds to both CCAAT elements. These findings suggest that S phase-specific induction of the cyclin B1 promoter is dependent upon NF-Y binding to the CCAAT elements and is correlated with activation by cyclin-dependent kinases.
Book reviews Warnick, Barbara; Jorgensen-Earp, Cheryl R.; Kallendorf, Craig ...
Quarterly Journal of Speech,
19/5/1/, Volume:
81, Issue:
2
Book Review
Peer reviewed
WOMEN PUBLIC SPEAKERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1800-1925: A BIO-CRITICAL SOURCE-BOOK. Edited by Karlyn Kohrs Campbell. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993; pp. xxi + 509. $75.00.
RENAISSANCE ARGUMENT: ...VALLA AND AGRICOLA IN THE TRADITIONS OF RHETORIC AND DIALECTIC. By Peter Mack. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History, 43. Leiden, New York, and Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1993. xii + 398 pp. $97.25
EDMUND BURKE AND THE DISCOURSE OF VIRTUE. By Stephen H. Browne. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama Press, 1993; pp. ix + 160. $27.95.
DEFINING THE NEW RHETORICS. Edited by Theresa Enos and Stuart C. Brown. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993; pp. xiii + 265. $41.00; paper $21.50.
ALL IS FORGIVEN: THE SECULAR MESSAGE IN AMERICAN PROTESTANTISM. By Marsha G. Witten. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993; pp. ix + 179. $19.95.
ORATORICAL CULTURE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA: TRANSFORMATIONS INTHE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RHETORIC. Edited by Gregory Clark and S. Michael Halloran. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993; pp. 304. $34.95.
RENAISSANCE RHETORIC. Edited by Peter Mack. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994; pp. xiv + 188. $49.95.
CONTROVERSIAL SCIENCE: FROM CONTENT TO CONTENTION. Edited by Thomas Brante, Steve Fuller and William Lynch. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993; pp. xix + 317. $59.50; paper $19.95.
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