Midazolam and dexmedetomidine both being sedatives, but the latter with additional analgesic properties is expected to prolong the duration of sensory and motor block obtained with spinal ...anaesthesia.
To compare intravenous dexmedetomidine with midazolam and placebo with respect to sensory and motor block duration, analgesia, and sedation in patients undergoing lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries with intrathecal ropivacaine anaesthesia.
In this single blind placebo controlled trial, 60 patients, classified as American Society of Anaesthesiologists' (ASA) physical status I-II, were randomized into three groups (n=20 per group). All patients were administered ropivacaine (15 mg) for spinal anaesthesia. Intravenous dexmedetomidine was administered in Group D (1 μg/kg loading dose over 10 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion (0.5 μg/kg/hr), intravenous midazolam was administered in Group M (0.05 mg/kg) loading dose, followed by a continuous infusion (0.02 mg/kg/hr) and normal saline was infused in Group C. Intraoperative haemodynamic changes, onset, level and duration of sensory block, onset and duration of motor block, level of sedation, postoperative analgesia and side effects were recorded.
Heart rate was seen to fall significantly in Group D patients for the first 15 minutes. Measurements of mean blood pressure revealed significant decrease in Group D after 40 minutes, whereas the fall in Group C occurred after 15 minutes. Duration of sensory block was significantly longer in Group D patients (208±19.358 mins) as compared to Group M and C where the duration was (177±15.252 mins) and (177±17.800 mins) respectively. Higher levels of sedation were achieved in Group D and M where sedation score was 3 (fully asleep but arousable), 90% cases in Group D and 100% cases in Group M. The time at which first analgesic was given to patients (VAS score 4) was (271.50±21.831) in Group D and (202±25.047) in M and (218.50±38.013) in Group C. Dexmedetomidine significantly prolongs duration of analgesia providing pain relief in intraoperative and postoperative period. Injection of diclofenac sodium 75 mg intramuscular was used as rescue analgesic. The VAS score reached a value of 4 earlier in the midazolam and saline group than dexmedetomidine group.
Intravenous dexmedetomidine prolonged spinal anaesthesia, though midazolam did not. It also provided sedation and additional analgesia. Therefore, dexmedetomidine is appropriate during spinal anaesthesia, although heart rate needs to be monitored cautiously.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Renal cancer is a serious and common type of cancer affecting old ages. The growth of such type of cancer can be stopped by detecting it before it reaches advanced or end-stage. Hence, renal cancer ...must be identified and diagnosed in the initial stages. In this research paper, an intelligent medical diagnostic system to diagnose renal cancer is developed by using fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy techniques. Essentially, for a fuzzy inference system, two layers are used. The first layer gives the output about whether the patient is having renal cancer or not. Similarly, the second layer detects the current stage of suffering patients. While in the development of a medical diagnostic system by using a neuro-fuzzy technique, the Gaussian membership functions are used for all the input variables considered for the diagnosis. In this paper, the comparison between the performance of developed systems has been done by taking some suitable parameters. The results obtained from this comparison study show that the intelligent medical system developed by using a neuro-fuzzy model gives the more precise and accurate results than existing systems.
Cerium oxide (CeO2) decorated nanocrystalline zeolite (Nano-ZSM-5) nanocomposites with different weight ratios were prepared by the calcination of a physical mixture of nanocrystalline CeO2 and ...Nano-ZSM-5. Materials were characterized by the complementary combination of X-ray diffraction, N2-adsorption, transmission electron microscopic, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic techniques. The material was investigated as a precious-metal-free electrode catalyst for methanol oxidation. The electrochemical oxidation of methanol was investigated at a CeO2/Nano-ZSM-5 modified glassy-carbon electrode in alkaline medium using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. Comparative investigations were made with commercial Pt(20%)/C catalyst with respect to current density, stability, and CO tolerance capacity. CeO2/Nano-ZSM-5 with a weight ratio of 30% exhibited remarkably high electrocatalytic activity in the methanol oxidation in comparison to nanocrystalline CeO2 and commercial Pt (20%)/C catalyst. The material was found to exhibit stable electrocatalytic activity even after 1000 cycles. High electrocatalytic activity in the methanol oxidation can be attributed to the synergistic contribution provided by CeO2 nanocrystals and Brønsted acidity of the high-surface-area Nano-ZSM-5. Results demonstrate that the excellent current density and high stability of CeO2/Nano-ZSM-5 would be valuable for its commercial application in direct methanol fuel cells.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
•AgNPs/rGO based electrochemical sensor was fabricated.•Electrode was used for the simultaneous determination of AA, DA, UA, and Trp.•Excellent activity, stability, sensitivity, and selectivity were ...obtained.•Reproducible results were obtained for human urines and pharmaceutical samples.
In this paper, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide composite (AgNPs/rGO) by heating the mixture of graphene oxide and silver nitrate aqueous solution in the presence of sodium hydroxide. This material was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. AgNPs/rGO based electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, and tryptophan. Electrochemical studies were carried out by using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. AgNPs/rGO modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity, stability, sensitivity, and selectivity with well-separated oxidation peaks toward ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, and tryptophan in the simultaneous determination of their quaternary mixture. The analytical performance of this material as a chemical sensor was demonstrated for the determination of ascorbic acid and dopamine in commercial pharmaceutical samples such as vitamin C tablets and dopamine injections, respectively. The applicability of this sensor was also extended in the determination of uric acid in human urine samples.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In the present work, a simple, effective method to synthesis high-quality carbon nitride nanotubes with ∼90 nm diameter and 5–9 nm in thickness along with a high-yield (63 %) via template-free ...hydrothermal synthesis is reported. By using these graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes an advanced electrochemical sensor was demonstrated to selectively sense explosive 2,4-dinitrotoluene. It is demonstrated that bigger linear range towards 2,4-dinitrotoluene, sensing up to 425 μM is reported. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that this sensor possesses a high sensitivity not only for 2,4-dinitrotoluene but also for other nitroaromatic explosives.
Display omitted
•Direct synthesis of high-quality carbon nitride nanotubes with a high-yield.•Superior electrocatalytic activities for detection of explosive 2,4-dinitrotoluene.•The applicability of g–C3N4–NTs was illustrated in waste water.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Introduction: Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and combitube are used as an alternative to endotracheal tube for airway maintenance and in elective surgeries whenever required. Aim: To compare the ease of ...insertion and haemodynamic changes of LMA and combitube in patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: The present prospective, comparative, randomised and observational study was conducted in Government Medical College and Rajindera Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India (from December 2015 to November 2016) on 100 patients aged between 20 to 55 years of both sexes, belonging to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Grades I and II, scheduled for elective surgeries under general anaesthesia. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group L, LMA (n=50) and Group C, Combitube (n=50). The ease of insertion as per four grades, haemodynamic changes, changes in oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), End-tidal Carbon dioxide (EtCO2 ), and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: The ease of insertion, SpO2 and EtCO2 in the Group L were statistically insignificant when compared to those in Group C (p>0.05). The increased haemodynamic changes (i.e., heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure) observed in Group C when compared to those in Group L showed statistical significance immediately after insertion, one minute after insertion and three minutes after insertion (p<0.05), but not at five 10, and 15 minutes after insertion. Incidence of trauma was statistically significant in Group C (p<0.05), but postoperative sore throat was not statistically significant in both the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that both combitube and LMA are equally effective in airway maintenance in elective surgeries.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Nanocrystalline zeolites of different framework structures were prepared by the addition of suitable structure directing agents in the synthesis composition of conventional zeolites. Zeolite modified ...carbon paste electrodes were constructed for the simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers. Nanocrystalline zeolite Beta modified carbon paste electrode exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity. Under optimum conditions, wide linear range was obtained from 150 nM to 400 µM with lower detection limit of 100, 130, and 100 nM for hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, respectively. The analytical performance of the proposed sensor was demonstrated in the simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers in different environmental water samples.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Nanocrystalline metallosilicate modified glassy carbon electrodes were fabricated for the simultaneous determination of vitamins. Among these, nanocrystalline zirconosilicate exhibited the highest ...activity with a linear range from 30 nM–500 µM for riboflavin and 120 nM–600 µM for rutin and pyridoxine. Sensitivity values of 2.8, 1.49, and 1.13 µA/µM cm2 and lower detection limits of 5 nM, 30 nM, and 30 nM for riboflavin, rutin, and pyridoxine, respectively, were found. The proposed sensor is stable and reproducible (RSD<3.5 %). The analytical performance of this sensor was demonstrated in the pharmaceutical preparations (multivitamin tablets) with satisfactory recovery (97–103 %).
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Silver ion-exchanged nanocrystalline ZSM-5 (Ag-Nano-ZSM-5) and ZSM-5 (Ag-ZSM-5) materials were synthesized. Hydroxyapatite supported on zeolite materials were prepared by incubating the Ag ...ion-exchanged zeolite materials in simulated body fluid at 310 K. The resultant materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, N 2 -adsorption and Scanning/Transmission electron microscopy. Hydroxyapatite supported on Ag ion-exchanged zeolite modified glassy carbon electrodes were fabricated and investigated as electrochemical sensors in the detection of toxic heavy metal ions (Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , As 3+ , and Hg 2+ ). The results show that the developed sensor exhibited excellent electro-catalytic activity, sensitivity, and stability toward the detection of selected heavy metal ions. The analytical application of the developed sensor is shown in the determination of heavy metal ions found in different water bodies.
Ionic liquids (ILs) coated Fe3O4 based inorganic-organic hybrid materials (represented as Fe3O4/ILs) were synthesized. ILs such as methylimidazolium chloride (HmimCl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ...chloride (BmimCl) were investigated. For comparative study, quaternary ammonium salts such as choline chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide C16H33N(CH3)3Br, and trimethylstearylammonium chloride C18H37N(CH3)3Cl were also investigated. Materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, Fourier transform infrared and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical sensors based on Fe3O4/ILs modified glassy carbon electrodes were fabricated for the simultaneous determination of all four DNA bases. The electrochemical behavior of DNA bases was investigated in detail. Various reaction parameters such as effect of scan rate, number of electrons involved in the rate determining step, electron transfer coefficient, surface adsorbed concentration, and the electrode reaction standard rate constant were investigated. Catalytic activity obtained at various Fe3O4/ILs modified electrodes was explained using DFT calculation. The analytical performance of the sensor was demonstrated in the simultaneous determination of guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine in calf thymus DNA sample.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PDF
