Large language models (LLMs) have strong capabilities in solving diverse natural language processing tasks. However, the safety and security issues of LLM systems have become the major obstacle to ...their widespread application. Many studies have extensively investigated risks in LLM systems and developed the corresponding mitigation strategies. Leading-edge enterprises such as OpenAI, Google, Meta, and Anthropic have also made lots of efforts on responsible LLMs. Therefore, there is a growing need to organize the existing studies and establish comprehensive taxonomies for the community. In this paper, we delve into four essential modules of an LLM system, including an input module for receiving prompts, a language model trained on extensive corpora, a toolchain module for development and deployment, and an output module for exporting LLM-generated content. Based on this, we propose a comprehensive taxonomy, which systematically analyzes potential risks associated with each module of an LLM system and discusses the corresponding mitigation strategies. Furthermore, we review prevalent benchmarks, aiming to facilitate the risk assessment of LLM systems. We hope that this paper can help LLM participants embrace a systematic perspective to build their responsible LLM systems.
The phenomenal growth of mobile data has brought new challenges on the limited spectrum resource. Deploying LTE on unlicensed bands has been introduced, namely LTE-U, which could provide a higher ...transmission data rate, spectrum efficiency as well as seamless mobile user experience by taking advantage of the Carrier Aggregation technology. In this paper, we first introduce the coexistence model between LTE-U and WiFi in the multi-operator scenario. To avoid long colliding time among operators due to the same backing off window size, a full duplex-based listen and talk access scheme is introduced. The proposed listen-and-talk based imperfect sensing power adaption (LAT-ISPA) scheme could avoid the interference among multi-LTE-U operators, maximize the effective throughput of LTE-U while ensuring the transmission performance of WiFi by optimizing the backing off window as well as the transmission power in different scenarios. Due to the residual self-interference by the LAT scheme, the imperfect sensing is taken into consideration. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm could achieve a considerable performance improvement with respect to the schemes in literatures.
Superconductivity is one of most intriguing quantum phenomena, and the quest for elemental superconductors with high critical temperature (Tc) is of great scientific significance due to their ...relatively simple material composition and the underlying mechanism. Here we report the experimental discovery of densely compressed scandium (Sc) becoming the first elemental superconductor with Tc breaking into 30 K range, which is comparable to the Tc values of the classic La-Ba-Cu-O or LaFeAsO superconductors. Our results show that Tconset of Sc increases from ~3 K at around 43 GPa to ~32 K at about 283 GPa (Tczero ~ 31 K), which is well above liquid neon temperature. Interestingly measured Tc shows no sign of saturation up to the maximum pressure achieved in our experiments, indicating that Tc might be even higher upon further compression.
The binary polyhydrides of heavy rare earth lutetium that shares a similar valence electron configuration to lanthanum have been experimentally discovered to be superconductive. The lutetium ...polyhydrides were successfully synthesized at high pressure and high temperature conditions using a diamond anvil cell in combinations with the in-situ high pressure laser heating technique. The resistance measurements as a function of temperature were performed at the same pressure of synthesis in order to study the transitions of superconductivity (SC). The superconducting transition with a maximum onset temperature (Tc) 71 K was observed at pressure of 218 GPa in the experiments. The Tc decreased to 65 K when pressure was at 181 GPa. From the evolution of SC at applied magnetic fields, the upper critical field at zero temperature {\mu}0Hc2(0) was obtained to be ~36 Tesla. The in-situ high pressure X-ray diffraction experiments imply that the high Tc SC should arise from the Lu4H23 phase with Pm-3n symmetry that forms a new type of hydrogen cage framework different from those reported for previous light rare earth polyhydride superconductors.
