The recent emergence of pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) has posed serious ecological and economic implications for cotton production in India since 2017. The project ...“Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM): Dissemination of pink bollworm management strategies in Bt-cotton” was implemented consecutively for four years from 2018 -19, 2019–20, 2020-21 and 2021-22 in 21 districts across three cotton growing zones of the country. In each year, field demonstrations were conducted on 1050 acres of cotton area and mass awareness was created through outreach activities. With concerted and focused efforts, the PBW infestations could be brought down by 42.75% in 2018–19, 43.49% in 2019–20, 35.55% in 2020-21 and 33.77% in 2021-22 in the demonstration plots over the farmer practices. An increased benefit: cost ratios of 2.16:1, 2:1, 1.89:1 and 2.24:1 were realized during 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020-21 and 2021–22, respectively. Similarly, the average number of sprays for the control of cotton pests during the season was reduced to 5.02, 4.94, 5.19 and 5.18 in integrated pest management (IPM) fields as compared to 6.98, 7.66, 8.07 and 8.20 in non-integrated pest management (NIPM) fields in the corresponding years. Reduction in pesticide usage in IPM vs NIPM fields was 46.39% in terms of cost, and 38.96% in terms of volume during 2019-20 while concurrent percent reduction in pesticide usage was 41.03 & 39.33 during 2020-21 and 40.70 & 39.38 in 2021–22. Comparatively more seed cotton was harvested from IPM than NIPM fields i.e. 2190 vs 1820 kg/ha in 2018–19, 2049 vs 1715 kg/ha in 2019–20, 1881 vs 1585 kg/ha in 2020-21 and 1901 vs 1607 kg/ha in 2021–22. Significant success in reducing PBW infestation, pesticide usage and corresponding improvement in yield, economic benefits and environmental quality in terms of reduced EIQFUR has been achieved through IPM demonstrations. This area-wide success was achieved through collective efforts and active involvement of all concerned stakeholders.
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•Pink bollworm has emerged as serious threat to Indian cotton production.•Areawide IPM strategies disseminated & mass awareness created through outreach.•Significant reduction in pest infestation and pesticide usage was achieved.•Realization of economic benefits to cotton growers was demonstrated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
OBJECTIVE:The objective was to assess the risk of central venous catheter infection with respect to the site of insertion in an intensive care unit population. The subclavian, internal jugular, and ...femoral sites were studied.
DESIGN:An epidemiologic, prospective, observational study.
SETTING:The setting is a well-functioning intensive care unit under a unified critical care medicine division in a university teaching hospital. Critical care medicine attendings and fellows covered on site 17 and 24 hrs per day, respectively.
PATIENTS:Patients were critically ill. All patients were triaged into the intensive care unit by on-site critical care medicine fellows.
INTERVENTIONS:None.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:In an intensive care unit population, we prospectively studied the incidence of central venous catheter infection and colonization at the subclavian, internal jugular, and femoral sites. The optimal insertion site for each individual patient was selected by experienced intensive care physicians (critical care medicine attendings and fellows). All of the operators were proficient in inserting catheters at all three sites. Confounding factors were eliminated; there were a limited number of experienced operators inserting the catheters, a uniform protocol stressing strict sterile insertion was enforced, and standardized continuous catheter care was provided by dedicated intensive care nurses proficient in all aspects of central venous catheter care.Two groups of patients were analyzed. Group 1 was patients with one catheter at one site, and group 2 was patients with catheters at multiple sites. Group 1 was the primary analysis, whereas group 2 was supporting.A total of 831 central venous catheters and 4,735 catheter days in 657 patients were studied. The incidence of catheter infection (4.01/1,000 catheter days, 2.29% catheters) and colonization (5.07/1,000 catheter days, 2.89% catheters) was low overall.In group 1, the incidence of infection was subclavian0.881 infections/1,000 catheter days (0.45%), internal jugular0/1,000 (0%), and femoral2.98/1,000 (1.44%; p = .2635). The incidence of colonization was subclavian0.881 colonization/1,000 catheter days (0.45%), internal jugular2.00/1,000 (1.05%), and femoral5.96/1,000 (2.88%, p = .1338). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of infection and colonization or duration of catheters (p = .8907) among the insertion sites.In group 2, there was also no statistically significant difference in the incidence of infection and colonization among the three insertion sites.
CONCLUSION:In an intensive care unit population, the incidence of central venous catheter infection and colonization is low overall and, clinically and statistically, is not different at all three sites when optimal insertion sites are selected, experienced operators insert the catheters, strict sterile technique is present, and trained intensive care unit nursing staff perform catheter care.
This paper presents the synthesis of a shared aperture antenna array operating over S and X bands. The antenna elements are PEC backed probe fed rectangular patch antennas with same thickness of the ...substrate for both the bands. The array are interspersed using array thinning technique utilizing invasive weed optimization technique and the inter-element spacing chosen is \lambda / 2 for both S and X bands. A 10 \times 10 S-band array and a 30 \times 30 \mathrm{X}-band array were thinned simultaneously to achieve peak side lobe levels less than −16 dB in both the bands while avoiding the overlapping of X-band patches over the S-band patches. The technique also inherently takes care of the physical patch dimensions as well. The proposed work is useful for phased array applications.
Abstract
Intensive research in electrochemical CO
2
reduction reaction has resulted in the discovery of numerous high-performance catalysts selective to multi-carbon products, with most of these ...catalysts still being purely transition metal based. Herein, we present high and stable multi-carbon products selectivity of up to 76.6% across a wide potential range of 1 V on histidine-functionalised Cu. In-situ Raman and density functional theory calculations revealed alternative reaction pathways that involve direct interactions between adsorbed histidine and CO
2
reduction intermediates at more cathodic potentials. Strikingly, we found that the yield of multi-carbon products is closely correlated to the surface charge on the catalyst surface, quantified by a pulsed voltammetry-based technique which proved reliable even at very cathodic potentials. We ascribe the surface charge to the population density of adsorbed species on the catalyst surface, which may be exploited as a powerful tool to explain CO
2
reduction activity and as a proxy for future catalyst discovery, including organic-inorganic hybrids.
Most of the surface of Mars is covered with unconsolidated rocky material, known as regolith. High‐fidelity models of the dynamics of impacts in such material are needed to help with the ...interpretation of seismic signals that are now recorded by SEIS, the seismometer of InSight. We developed a numerical model for impacts on regolith, using the novel Hybrid Optimization Software Suite (HOSS), which is a Lagrangian code mixing finite and discrete element formulations. We use data from hypervelocity impact experiments performed on pumice sand at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range to identify and calibrate key model parameters. The model provides insight into the plastic‐elastic transition observed in the data and it also demonstrates that gravity plays a key role in the material response. Waveforms for receivers situated vertically below the impact point are correctly modeled, while more research is needed to explain the shallow receivers' signals.
Plain Language Summary
The generation of seismic waves by meteorite impacts in unconsolidated materials, such as Mars regolith, is a complex dynamic process. We present a numerical model based on a novel method and show its potential to explain the main characteristics of shock and seismic waves generated by impacts at laboratory scales. Our goal is to use this model to help with the analysis of data recorded during the InSight mission.
Key Points
We conduct a parametric study of a novel Lagrangian numerical model of shock waves in granular media, with application to Mars regolith
We validate this model with a laboratory experiment in pumice sand with an impact velocity of 0.98 km/s
Amplitude of shock waves and transition to different regimes is explained by the model for the sensors placed vertically from the impact
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite the importance of the
oncogene in many malignancies, clinical strategies targeting c-Met have benefitted only small subsets of patients with tumors driven by signaling through the c-Met ...pathway, thereby necessitating selection of patients with
amplification and/or c-Met activation most likely to respond. An ADC targeting c-Met could overcome these limitations with potential as a broad-acting therapeutic.
ADC ABBV-399 was generated with the c-Met-targeting antibody, ABT-700. Antitumor activity was evaluated in cancer cells with overexpressed c-Met or amplified
and in xenografts including patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and those refractory to other c-Met inhibitors. The correlation between c-Met expression and sensitivity to ABBV-399 in tumor and normal cell lines was assessed to evaluate the risk of on-target toxicity.
A threshold level of c-Met expressed by sensitive tumor but not normal cells is required for significant ABBV-399-mediated killing of tumor cells. Activity extends to c-Met or amplified
cell line and PDX models where significant tumor growth inhibition and regressions are observed. ABBV-399 inhibits growth of xenograft tumors refractory to other c-Met inhibitors and provides significant therapeutic benefit in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy.
ABBV-399 represents a novel therapeutic strategy to deliver a potent cytotoxin to c-Met-overexpressing tumor cells enabling cell killing regardless of reliance on
signaling. ABBV-399 has progressed to a phase I study where it has been well tolerated and has produced objective responses in c-Met-expressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
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Dust grains absorb half of the radiation emitted by stars throughout the history of the universe, re-emitting this energy at infrared wavelengths
. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are large ...organic molecules that trace millimetre-size dust grains and regulate the cooling of interstellar gas within galaxies
. Observations of PAH features in very distant galaxies have been difficult owing to the limited sensitivity and wavelength coverage of previous infrared telescopes
. Here we present James Webb Space Telescope observations that detect the 3.3 μm PAH feature in a galaxy observed less than 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang. The high equivalent width of the PAH feature indicates that star formation, rather than black hole accretion, dominates infrared emission throughout the galaxy. The light from PAH molecules, hot dust and large dust grains and stars are spatially distinct from one another, leading to order-of-magnitude variations in PAH equivalent width and ratio of PAH to total infrared luminosity across the galaxy. The spatial variations we observe suggest either a physical offset between PAHs and large dust grains or wide variations in the local ultraviolet radiation field. Our observations demonstrate that differences in emission from PAH molecules and large dust grains are a complex result of localized processes within early galaxies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
In the liver, mitochondria are exposed to different concentrations of nutrients due to their spatial positioning across the periportal and pericentral axis. How the mitochondria sense and integrate ...these signals to respond and maintain homeostasis is not known. Here, we combine intravital microscopy, spatial proteomics, and functional assessment to investigate mitochondrial heterogeneity in the context of liver zonation. We find that periportal and pericentral mitochondria are morphologically and functionally distinct; beta-oxidation is elevated in periportal regions, while lipid synthesis is predominant in the pericentral mitochondria. In addition, comparative phosphoproteomics reveals spatially distinct patterns of mitochondrial composition and potential regulation via phosphorylation. Acute pharmacological modulation of nutrient sensing through AMPK and mTOR shifts mitochondrial phenotypes in the periportal and pericentral regions, linking nutrient gradients across the lobule and mitochondrial heterogeneity. This study highlights the role of protein phosphorylation in mitochondrial structure, function, and overall homeostasis in hepatic metabolic zonation. These findings have important implications for liver physiology and disease.
We report the clinical features and molecular characterization of 23 patients with cyanosis due to NADH‐cytochrome b5 reductase (NADH‐CYB5R) deficiency from India. The patients with type I recessive ...congenital methemoglobinemia (RCM) presented with mild to severe cyanosis only whereas patients with type II RCM had cyanosis associated with severe neurological impairment. Thirteen mutations were identified which included 11 missense mutations causing single amino acid changes (p.Arg49Trp, p.Arg58Gln, p.Pro145Ser, p.Gly155Glu, p.Arg160Pro, p.Met177Ile, p.Met177Val, p.Ile178Thr, p.Ala179Thr, p.Thr238Met, and p.Val253Met), one stop codon mutation (p.Trp236X) and one splice‐site mutation (p.Gly76Ser). Seven of these mutations (p.Arg50Trp, p.Gly155Glu, p.Arg160Pro, p.Met177Ile, p.Met177Val, p.Ile178Thr, and p.Thr238Met) were novel. Two mutations (p.Gly76Ser and p.Trp236X) were identified for the first time in the homozygous state globally causing type II RCM. We used the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of human erythrocyte NADH‐CYB5R to evaluate the protein structural context of the affected residues. Our data provides a rationale for the observed enzyme deficiency and contributes to a better understanding of the genotype–phenotype correlation in NADH‐CYB5R deficiency.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This article discusses relevant physical properties of the regolith at the Mars InSight landing site as understood prior to landing of the spacecraft. InSight will land in the northern lowland plains ...of Mars, close to the equator, where the regolith is estimated to be
≥
3
–
5
m
thick. These investigations of physical properties have relied on data collected from Mars orbital measurements, previously collected lander and rover data, results of studies of data and samples from Apollo lunar missions, laboratory measurements on regolith simulants, and theoretical studies. The investigations include changes in properties with depth and temperature. Mechanical properties investigated include density, grain-size distribution, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. Thermophysical properties include thermal inertia, surface emissivity and albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and specific heat. Regolith elastic properties not only include parameters that control seismic wave velocities in the immediate vicinity of the Insight lander but also coupling of the lander and other potential noise sources to the InSight broadband seismometer. The related properties include Poisson’s ratio, P- and S-wave velocities, Young’s modulus, and seismic attenuation. Finally, mass diffusivity was investigated to estimate gas movements in the regolith driven by atmospheric pressure changes. Physical properties presented here are all to some degree speculative. However, they form a basis for interpretation of the early data to be returned from the InSight mission.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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