We report the results of a Monte Carlo global QCD analysis of unpolarized parton distribution functions (PDFs), including for the first time constraints from ratios of ^{3}He to ^{3}H structure ...functions recently obtained by the MARATHON experiment at Jefferson Lab. Our simultaneous analysis of nucleon PDFs and nuclear effects in A=2 and A=3 nuclei reveals the first indication for an isovector nuclear EMC effect in light nuclei. We find that while the MARATHON data yield relatively weak constraints on the F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p} neutron to proton structure function ratio and on the d/u PDF ratio, they suggest an enhanced nuclear effect on the d-quark PDF in the bound proton, questioning the assumptions commonly made in nuclear PDF analyses.
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We present the new nCTEQ15 set of nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs) with uncertainties. This fit extends the CTEQ proton PDFs to include the nuclear dependence using data on nuclei all the ...way up to super(208) Pb. The uncertainties are determined using the Hessian method with an optimal rescaling of the eigenvectors to accurately represent the uncertainties for the chosen tolerance criteria. In addition to the deep inelastic scattering and Drell-Yan processes, we also include inclusive pion production data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider to help constrain the nuclear gluon PDF. Furthermore, we investigate the correlation of the data sets with specific nuclear PDF flavor components and asses the impact of individual experiments. We also provide comparisons of the nCTEQ15 set with recent fits from other groups.
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The duality between partonic and hadronic descriptions of physical phenomena is one of the most remarkable features of strong interaction physics. A classic example of this is in electron–nucleon ...scattering, in which low-energy cross sections, when averaged over appropriate energy intervals, are found to exhibit the scaling behavior expected from perturbative QCD. We present a comprehensive review of data on structure functions in the resonance region, from which the global and local aspects of duality are quantified, including its flavor, spin and nuclear medium dependence. To interpret the experimental findings, we discuss various theoretical approaches which have been developed to understand the microscopic origins of quark–hadron duality in QCD. Examples from other reactions are used to place duality in a broader context, and future experimental and theoretical challenges are identified.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract
The questions of how the bulk of the Universe’s visible mass emerges and how it is manifest in the existence and properties of hadrons are profound, and probe the heart of strongly ...interacting matter. Paradoxically, the lightest pseudoscalar mesons appear to be key to a further understanding of the emergent mass and structure mechanisms. These mesons, namely, the pion and kaon, are the Nambu–Goldstone boson modes of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Unravelling their partonic structure and the interplay between emergent and Higgs-boson mass mechanisms is a common goal of three interdependent approaches—continuum QCD phenomenology, lattice-regularised QCD, and the global analysis of parton distributions—linked to experimental measurements of hadron structure. Experimentally, the anticipated electron–ion collider will enable a revolution in our ability to study pion and kaon structures, accessed by scattering from the ‘meson cloud’ of the proton through the Sullivan process. With the goal of enabling a suite of measurements that can address these questions, we examine key reactions that identify the critical detector-system requirements needed to map tagged pion and kaon cross-sections over a wide range of kinematics. The excellent prospects for extracting pion structural, functional, and form-factor data are outlined, and similar prospects for kaon structures are discussed in the context of a worldwide programme. The successful completion of the programme outlined herein will deliver deep, far-reaching insights into the emergence of pions and kaons, their properties, and their role as QCD’s Goldstone boson modes.
We use the nCTEQ analysis framework to investigate nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) in the region of large x and intermediate-to-low Q , with special attention to recent JLab deep ...inelastic scattering data on nuclear targets. This data lies in a region which is often excluded by W and Q cuts in global nPDF analyses. As we relax these cuts, we enter a new kinematic region, which introduces new phenomenology. In particular, we study the impact of (i) target mass corrections, (ii) higher twist corrections, (iii) deuteron corrections, and (iv) the shape of the nuclear PDF parametrization at large-x close to one. Using the above tools, we produce a new nPDF set (named nCTEQ15HIX) which yields a good description of the new JLab data in this challenging kinematic region, and displays reduced uncertainties at large x, in particular for up and down quark flavors.
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The fundamental theory of the strong interaction-quantum chromodynamics (QCD)-provides the foundational framework with which to describe and understand the key properties of atomic nuclei. A deep ...understanding of the explicit role of quarks and gluons in nuclei remains elusive however, as these effects have thus far been well-disguised by confinement effects in QCD which are encapsulated by a successful description in terms of effective hadronic degrees of freedom. The observation of the EMC effect has provided an enduring indication for explicit QCD effects in nuclei, and points to the medium modification of the bound protons and neutrons in the nuclear medium. Understanding the EMC effect is a major challenge for modern nuclear physics, and several key questions remain, such as understanding its flavor, spin, and momentum dependence. This manuscript provides a contemporary snapshot of our understanding of the role of QCD in nuclei and outlines possible pathways in experiment and theory that will help deepen our understanding of nuclei in the context of QCD.
We perform a global χ² analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions using data from charged current neutrino-nucleus (νA) deep-inelastic scattering (DIS), charged-lepton-nucleus (ℓ(±)A) DIS, and ...the Drell-Yan (DY) process. We show that the nuclear corrections in νA DIS are not compatible with the predictions derived from ℓ(±)A DIS and DY data. We quantify this result using a hypothesis-testing criterion based on the χ² distribution which we apply to the total χ² as well as to the χ² of the individual data sets. We find that it is not possible to accommodate the data from νA and ℓ(±)A DIS by an acceptable combined fit. Our result has strong implications for the extraction of both nuclear and proton parton distribution functions using combined neutrino and charged-lepton data sets.
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Target mass corrections Schienbein, Ingo; Radescu, Voica A; Zeller, G P ...
Journal of physics. G, Nuclear and particle physics,
05/2008, Volume:
35, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
With recent advances in the precision of inclusive lepton--nuclear scattering experiments, it has become apparent that comparable improvements are needed in the accuracy of the theoretical analysis ...tools. In particular, when extracting parton distribution functions in the large-x region, it is crucial to correct the data for effects associated with the nonzero mass of the target. We present here a comprehensive review of these target mass corrections (TMC) to structure functions data, summarizing the relevant formulas for TMCs in electromagnetic and weak processes. We include a full analysis of both hadronic and partonic masses, and trace how these effects appear in the operator product expansion and the factorized parton model formalism, as well as their limitations when applied to data in the x->1 limit. We evaluate the numerical effects of TMCs on various structure functions, and compare fits to data with and without these corrections.
The 1H(e,e'pi+)n cross section was measured at four-momentum transfers of Q2=1.60 and 2.45 GeV2 at an invariant mass of the photon nucleon system of W=2.22 GeV. The charged pion form factor (F(pi)) ...was extracted from the data by comparing the separated longitudinal pion electroproduction cross section to a Regge model prediction in which F(pi) is a free parameter. The results indicate that the pion form factor deviates from the charge-radius constrained monopole form at these values of Q2 by one sigma, but is still far from its perturbative quantum chromodynamics prediction.
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We have carried out an (e,e'p) experiment at high momentum transfer and in parallel kinematics to measure the strength of the nuclear spectral function S(k,E) at high nucleon momenta k and large ...removal energies E. This strength is related to the presence of short-range and tensor correlations, and was known hitherto only indirectly and with considerable uncertainty from the lack of strength in the independent-particle region. This experiment locates by direct measurement the correlated strength predicted by theory.
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