The standard costing provides a number of information useful in the management process. In particular, these are data on the level of deviations of manufacturing costs. Effective control requires ...determining the reasons for the deviations. Factor analysis is the basic tool for calculating the impact of changes in the level of observed factors affecting costs. The impact of these factors can be calculated using the standard cost deviation analysis model. The model determines the stages of the procedure, the components on which the total deviation is divided and how the individual elements are calculated. In this approach, the method of subsequent substitutions is dominated. In connection with the subjectivism of this method, the algorithm has been proposed in the article. In order to improve the objectivity of division of partial deviations, the article presents an approach using the logarithmic method.(original abstract)
A natural consequence of the budgeting process is budget control, the effectiveness of which depends largely on the quality of the deviation analysis. As part of this analysis, the expected ...quantities are most often compared with the observed/actual ones, and the reasons for the deviations are investigated. In budget control, it is important to deconstruct deviations into components and to determine the impact of factors affecting these deviations. Therefore, budgetary control should be extended to the analysis of budget deviations in terms of its subject and temporal nature. This generally applies to every planning and control process, while the authors in their research concentrate on budgeting revenues and operating costs in enterprises. In this study, three measures used in economics – the GINI, Hirschman-Herfindahl, and Theil coefficients – were evaluated as potential metrics for budget deviation differentiation. Simulated computer data was used for this study.
The GINI coefficient was the most statistically significant metric tested, making it the selected measure for budget deviation differentiation. The GINI coefficient is a normalized variable (ratio) with a range between 0 to 1, making it a convenient metric to evaluate differences in deviations between individual budget items, between years, and between budgeted units.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Budgets in organisational units are considered to be traditional management support tools. On the other hand, budgetary control is the essence of control measures, allowing for the increase in the ...efficiency of an enterprise through appropriate allocation of resources. The methodology used in the analysis of budget variances (obtained as a result of applying budgetary control) undoubtedly influences the management efficiency of almost every organizational unit. The authors indicate a research gap of methodological and application nature in the area of risk measurement in the analysis of budget variances. Therefore, the aim of the article is to create universal and flexible models enabling probabilistic quantification of the risk of budget variance regardless of the nature of the cost, the person budgeting and the budgeting unit. Extreme value theory was used to develop the model. The results of the work are models allowing for the estimation of the limit level of deviation for assumed probabilities and models determining the level of deviation for a given probability level. The application of these models in budgetary control will allow for a synthetic assessment of the degree of budget execution in the company, comparing the quality of budget execution over time as well as between units, defining the limits of materiality of budget variances. For the purpose of model verification, the authors have used budget variances of cost energy consumption, which have been determined on the basis of empirical distributions obtained from data coming from the system of budgetary control implemented at a university located in a larger European city.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Rachunek kosztów standardowych dostarcza szeregu informacji przydatnych w procesie zarządzania. W szczególności są to dane na temat poziomu odchyleń kosztów wytworzenia. Skuteczne sprawowanie ...kontroli wymaga ustalenia przyczyn zaistniałych odchyleń. Analiza czynnikowa jest podstawowym narzędziem umożliwiającym obliczanie wpływu zmian w poziomie obserwowanych czynników wpływających na koszty. Wpływ tych czynników można obliczyć za pomocą modelu analizy odchyleń kosztów standardowych. Model określa etapy postępowania, elementy składowe, na które dzielone jest odchylenie całkowite, oraz w jaki sposób obliczane są poszczególne elementy. W tym podejściu dominuje metoda kolejnych podstawień. W związku z subiektywizmem tej metody w artykule zaproponowano modyfikację algorytmu. W celu poprawy obiektywizmu podziału odchyleń cząstkowych przedstawiano podejście wykorzystujące metodę logarytmowania.
Identification of logistics costs in the cost accounting system is an interesting research problem and the assessment of these costs is one of the aspects taken into account in the decision-making ...process taking place in business practice. Logistics costs are recognized by many authors as a complex and ambiguous category, which makes it difficult to conduct research and analysis. The nature of logistics costs means that the cost accounting in many enterprices is not sufficiently adapted to gather information in this area. Therefore, the objectives of this article are: identification and indication of the significance of basic elements of logistics costs and unifying their definitions. The conclusions adopted in the article may be used in further studies on the costs of passenger transport. During the research, the following methods were used: content analysis and logical analysis.
Strukturyzacja budżetów kosztów Kes, Zdzisław
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu,
2016
424
Journal Article
Open access
This paper presents a methodology to build the budget tables in the implementation process of budgeting in an enterprise. This methodology involves the use of the classification of costs and ...revenues, the path of building of financial result and information about the organizational structure and the structure of responsibility centers. The dimensions can be combined in many ways, so owing to that there are: master budget, partial budgets and the layout of rows and columns of budget tables. If the structure which is received in this way meets the needs and goals set before budgeting, the next steps can be implemented. The article uses the case study of logistic company that has underwent the implementation process of budgeting during which indicated methodology has been used.
This paper presents the methods for the evaluation of budget variance risk, i.e. the risk of a difference between the budgeted and actual figures. The postulated approach is based on extreme value ...analysis (EVA), to offer, among other things, the evaluation of maxima distribution parameters for studied phenomena. The proper recognition of these parameters yields potential for calculation of probabilities for budget variance to pass certain levels established as critical. This methodology can be used to evaluate deviation levels by time period, and to compare them against historical data. The main objective of this paper was to examine the utility of the theory of extreme values in the estimation of budget deviation risks. The study presents the results of probabilistic analyses of data obtained from a budgetary cost control unit of a production company located in eastern Poland, for the period of 2011-2012. The developed method of analysis and assessment of budget deviations is in line with the development of concepts and methods of management accounting.
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