The effect of treating seed of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. BG 256 with commercial formulations (2 g kg⁻¹ seed) of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens, singly and jointly, to ...control wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri was examined in chickpea plants growing in microplots under field conditions. On untreated control plants, the wilt fungus caused the characteristic symptoms of wilt and significantly (P=0.05) decreased dry weight and the yield of chickpea by 20 and 18% respectively (significant at P=0.05). On chickpea without wilt, treatment with P. fluorescens improved the yield by 36% and T. harzianum+P. fluorescens by 25%. Both biofungicides suppressed wilt severity (P=0.05), the most effective being T. harzianum+P. fluorescens (66%). Carbendazim reduced wilt severity by 51%. On chickpea inoculated with the wilt, yield increased by 39% with P. fluorescens, by 33% with T. harzianum+P. fluorescens, by 44% with T. harzianum, and by 20% with carbendazim as compared with the inoculated control. The soil population of the wilt fungus (cfu g⁻¹ soil) in untreated plots increased during the first two months (P=0.05), but in the biofungicide/fungicide treated plots it gradually and significantly (P=0.05) decreased during the four months of the crop season. The greatest decrease in the soil population of the wilt fungus occurred with T. harzianum or T. harzianum+P. fluorescens, followed by P. fluorescens and carbendazim. The rhizosphere population of the bioagents increased significantly in those plots where wilt populations decreased. The greatest increase in the population of the bioagents was recorded for T. harzianum (108–120%), followed by P. fluorescens (65–119%) in the combined treatment, compared with the pre-plant control (December). When the bioagents were applied alone, the population of T. harzianum increased by 71–96% and that of P. fluorescens was by 46–103%.
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Single and combined effects of ozone (O
3) and root-knot nematode (
Meloidogyne incognita race 1) were examined on tomato (
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Pusa Ruby) in closed-top chambers, using ...sequential and concomitant inoculation exposure treatments in 1989 and 1990. The plants were exposed to O
3 for 7
h/day every third day on 27 occasions. During each exposure, O
3 concentration changed three times i.e., 10–20–10
ppb; 20–50–20
ppb and 50–100–50
ppb from 9.00–11.00–14.00–16.00
h Indian Standard Time (IST), respectively. The treatments are referred as 20, 50 and 100
ppb. Intermittent exposures of the plants to O
3 at 100
ppb caused chlorotic and necrotic lesions on the leaves. Nematode-infected plants sustained 13% more O
3-injury on the foliage when compared with non-infected plants fumigated with 100
ppb.
M.
incognita or O
3 at 100
ppb significantly suppressed dry weights of shoot and root, leaf chlorophyll, and yield of tomato in both years of the experiment. In nematode-infected or O
3-exposed plants, the leaf stomata opened wider, and transpiration rates increased gradually, being highest during the sixth week of inoculation or exposure. Host root galling caused by
M.
incognita was enhanced by 11.3% and 10% at 50 and 100
ppb, respectively, compared with 20
ppb. Reproduction (egg-mass production) of the nematode was significantly enhanced only at 50
ppb (10.6%) compared with the control. The fecundity was suppressed by 6.6% and 11% at 50 and 100
ppb. Ozone and the nematode interacted synergistically as both caused greater damage to tomatoes from joint treatment, especially in concomitant inoculation exposure at 50
ppb, compared with 20
ppb.
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