One of the most chronic constraints to crop production is the grain yield reduction near the crop harvest stage by lodging worldwide. This is more prevalent in cereal crops, particularly in wheat and ...rice. Major factors associated with lodging involve morphological and anatomical traits along with the chemical composition of the stem. These traits have built up the remarkable relationship in wheat and rice genotypes either prone to lodging or displaying lodging resistance. In this review, we have made a comparison of our conceptual perceptions with foregoing published reports and proposed the fundamental controlling techniques that could be practiced to control the devastating effects of lodging stress. The management of lodging stress is, however, reliant on chemical, agronomical, and genetic factors that are reducing the risk of lodging threat in wheat and rice. But, still, there are many questions remain to be answered to elucidate the complex lodging phenomenon, so agronomists, breeders, physiologists, and molecular biologists require further investigation to address this challenging problem.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A review: Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs Kausar, Shamaila; Said Khan, Fahad; Ishaq Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad ...
International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology,
2021, Volume:
35
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Antiviral drugs are a class of medicines particularly used for the treatment of viral infections. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. Viruses are among the major pathogenic ...agents that cause number of serious diseases in humans, animals and plants. Viruses cause many diseases in humans, from self resolving diseases to acute fatal diseases. Developing strategies for the antiviral drugs are focused on two different approaches: Targeting the viruses themselves or the host cell factors. Antiviral drugs that directly target the viruses include the inhibitors of virus attachment, inhibitors of virus entry, uncoating inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, inhibitors of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase and the inhibitors of integrase. The inhibitors of protease (ritonavir, atazanavir and darunavir), viral DNA polymerase (acyclovir, tenofovir, valganciclovir and valacyclovir) and of integrase (raltegravir) are listed among the Top 200 Drugs by sales during 2010s. Still no effective antiviral drugs are available for many viral infections. Though, there are a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, many for influenza and some new antiviral drugs for treating hepatitis C infection and HIV. Action mechanism of antiviral drugs consists of its transformation to triphosphate following the viral DNA synthesis inhibition. An analysis of the action mechanism of known antiviral drugs concluded that they can increase the cell’s resistance to a virus (interferons), suppress the virus adsorption in the cell or its diffusion into the cell and its deproteinisation process in the cell (amantadine) along with antimetabolites that causes the inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis. This review will address currently used antiviral drugs, mechanism of action and antiviral agents reported against COVID-19.
Like protein-coding genes, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes are composed of introns and exons. After their transcription, lncRNAs are subject to constitutive and/or alternative splicing. Here, we ...describe the current knowledge on lncRNA splice variants and their functional implications in cell biology.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In automotive fluids, hydraulic, gear, and bearing oils, as well as in applications operating in extremely high or cold temperatures, PAO is widely employed. In present work, we have made an attempt ...to develop a mathematical model to discuss the flow of magnetized
A
l
2
O
3
−
PAO
nanolubricant over an inclined rotating disk in Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium with Thompson and Troian slip at the boundary. The effects of mixed convection, nonlinear heat radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and non-uniform heat source/sink are also included in the modeling. We have solved the proposed model numerically with the help of MATLAB built-in bvp-4c method after metamorphosing the PDEs to ODEs. The enhancing values of inertial parameter and velocity slip parameter decrease the tangential and radial velocities of the nanolubricant. The temperature of the nanolubricant
A
l
2
O
3
−
PAO
enhance significantly by strengthening the magnetic field, whereas radial and tangential velocities get retarded. The non-uniform heat source/sink parameters play a vital role in controlling heat transmission phenomenon. The increasing values of Eckert number, radiation parameter, and non-uniform heat generation parameters tend to increase the value of Nusselt number. The value of Nusselt number drops with rising values of Biot number and non-uniform heat sink parameters.
•This article investigates the numerical solution of a Walter-B nanofluid with Newtonian heating and mass transfer.•The analyses are carried out in the presence of mass suction, mixed convection, ...magnetic field and stretching surface.•Numerical solutions are obtained using MATLAB function bvp4c to resolve the resulting problem.•The buoyancy parameter decays the velocity boundary layer thickness for assisting flow and improves it for opposing flow.•The viscoelasticity parameter resulted in boosting the skin friction for both assisting and opposing flow.
The existing research investigates the numerical solution of a mixed convection flow of Walters-B nanofluid over a stretching sheet with Newtonian heating and mass transfer subject to the availability of magnetic field and mass suction. The impact of thermal radiation and chemical reaction with the Newtonian heat and mass transfer is conducted in detail. Also, the effects of nanoparticles are analyzed via considering the Brownian and thermophoresis motion. By utilizing similarity transformations, the relevant nonlinear governing equations with corresponding boundary conditions are modified to coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These transformed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are then solved numerically by providing the numerical approach bvp4c in MATLAB. The influence of multiple values of emerging parameters is studied by providing some graphs and tables with the consideration of both assisting and opposing flow regions. It is observed that the buoyancy parameter decays the velocity boundary layer thickness for assisting flow and the reverse trend is observed for opposing flow, as well as the viscoelasticity of nanofluid and Hartman number gradually reduces the boundary layer thickness. Further, the viscoelasticity parameter results in boosting the skin friction coefficient for both assisting and opposing flows whereas the Brownian and the thermophoresis motion have a reducing effect on the Nusselt number and Sherwood number enhances with the improvement of radiation parameter.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Aims
Increasing evidence shows that root system growth is strongly affected by different nitrogen (N) signals and the available N source in the rhizosphere. Molybdenum (Mo), an essential trace ...element, plays a key role in N assimilation and metabolism. However, Mo efficacy may vary with different N sources. The present experiment was performed to examine the Mo role on root system growth in winter wheat under different N sources.
Methods
A hydroponic experiment was conducted consisting of two winter wheat cultivars; Mo-efficient (97003) and Mo-inefficient (97014) under two Mo levels (0 and 1 μM) and three N sources (NO
3
−
, NH
4
NO
3
or NH
4
+
).
Results
The results showed that Mo supply increased root dry weight and other morphological traits, nitrate reductase (NR) activities, nitric oxide (NO) contents, total N concentration and the expressions of nitrate transporter (
NRT
) genes under various N sources, however, such effects were in the order of NH4NO3 > NO
3
−
> NH
4
+
, suggesting that Mo fertilizer shows more complementary effects towards NO
3
−
form of N than sole NH
4
+
in winter wheat.
Conclusions
These findings imply that Mo plays a significant role in increasing the root system growth of wheat through NO production, efficient N uptake and assimilation, and regulation of
NRT
gene expressions, especially under NH4NO3 nutrition.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In the present work we consider a numerical solution for laminar, incompressible, and steady oblique stagnation point flow of Cu − water nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking sheet with mass suction ...S . We make use of the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model to develop the equation of energy and investigate the qualities of surface heat transfer. The governing flow and energy equations are modified into the ordinary differential equations by similarity method for reasonable change. The subsequent ordinary differential equations are illuminated numerically through the function bvp4c in MATLAB. The impact of different flow parameters for example thermal relaxation parameter, suction parameter, stretching/shrinking parameter, free stream parameter, and nanoparticles volume fraction on the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and streamlines are contemplated and exposed through graphs. It turns out that the lower branch solution for the skin friction coefficient becomes singular in shrinking area, although the upper branch solution is smooth in both stretching and shrinking domain. For oblique stagnation-point flow the streamlines pattern are not symmetric, and reversed phenomenon are detected close to the shrinking surface. Also, we observed that the free stream parameter changes the direction of the oncoming flow and controls the obliqueness of the flow. The existing work mostly includes heat and mass transfer as a mechanism for improving the heat transfer rate, which is the main objective of the authors.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The introduction of transgenic cotton (Bt-cotton) for controlling bollworms has resulted in increased production; however, the residual effects of mulches from Bt-cotton are poorly understood. ...Therefore, the current study evaluated the impact of Bt and non-Bt cotton mulches on soil properties, weed dynamics and yield of winter crops sown after cotton. Three different winter crops, i.e., wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and two mulch types, i.e., Bt mulch (obtained from Bt-cotton cultivars, i.e., 'CIM-616' and 'GH-Mubarik') and non-Bt mulch (obtained from non-Bt cultivars, i.e., 'CIM-620' and 'N-414') were included in the study. The mulches were applied at a rate of 2 t ha.sup.-1 before planting the winter crops. The Bt and non-Bt mulches differentially affected soil properties, weed dynamics and productivity of winter crops. The non-Bt mulches decreased the soil bulk density and penetration resistance, while increased the soil porosity. Wheat crop increased the soil porosity, pH, available N and soil organic matter content. Overall, non-Bt mulches improved the productivity of winter crops compared with Bt mulches. The toxins released by Bt mulches lowered the weed density; however, it negatively influenced soil properties (bulk density and available nitrogen) and productivity of winter crops. Therefore, appropriate crop rotation measures may be opted for the soils cultivated with Bt-cotton to conserve soil and achieve yield sustainability for the crops sown after cotton. Nonetheless, non-Bt mulches can be used for improving soil properties and productivity of winter crops.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this work, an integrated antenna system with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is presented for Fourth Generation (4G) and millimeter (mm)-wave Fifth Generation (5G) wireless applications and ...handheld devices. The proposed design with overall dimensions of 110 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times75 </tex-math></inline-formula> mm is modeled on 0.508 mm thick Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. Radiating structure consists of antenna arrays excited by the T-shape <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">1\times2 </tex-math></inline-formula> power divider/combiner. Dual bands for 4G centered at 3.8 GHz and 5.5 GHz are attained, whereas the 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 24.4 - 29.3 GHz is achieved for the 5G antenna array. In addition, a peak gain of 5.41 dBi is demonstrated across the operating bandwidth of the 4G antenna array. Similarly, for the 5G mm-wave configuration the attained peak gain is 10.29 dBi. Moreover, significant isolation is obtained between the two antenna modules ensuring efficient dual-frequency band operation using a single integrated solution. To endorse the concept, antenna prototype is fabricated and far-field measurements are procured. Simulated and measured results exhibit coherence. Also the proposed design is investigated for the beam steering capability of the mm-wave 5G antenna array using CST®MWS®. The demonstrated structure offers various advantages including compactness, wide bandwidth, high gain, and planar configuration. Hence, the attained radiation characteristics prove the suitability of the proposed design for the current and future wireless handheld devices.
Key message
Rice male fertility gene
Baymax1
, isolated through map-based cloning, encodes a MYB transcription factor and is essential for rice tapetum and microspore development.
The mining and ...characterization of male fertility gene will provide theoretical and material basis for future rice production. In
Arabidopsis
, the development of male organ (namely anther), usually involves the coordination between MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) and bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) members. However, the role of MYB proteins in rice anther development remains poorly understood. In this study, we isolated and characterized a male sterile mutant (with normal vegetative growth) of
Baymax1
(
BM1
), which encodes a MYB protein. The
bm1
mutant exhibited slightly lagging meiosis, aborted transition of the tapetum to a secretory type, premature tapetal degeneration, and abnormal pollen exine formation, leading to ultimately lacks of visible pollens in the mature white anthers. Map-based cloning, complementation and targeted mutagenesis using CRISPR/Cas9 technology demonstrated that the mutated
LOC_Os04g39470
is the causal gene in
bm1
.
BM1
is preferentially expressed in rice anthers from stage 5 to stage 10. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that rice BM1 and its homologs in millet, maize, rape, cabbage, and pigeonpea are evolutionarily conserved. BM1 can physically interacts with bHLH protein TIP2, EAT1, and PHD (plant homeodomain)-finger member TIP3, respectively. Moreover,
BM1
affects the expression of several known genes related to tapetum and microspore development. Collectively, our results suggest that
BM1
is one of key regulators for rice male fertility and may serve as a potential target for rice male-sterile line breeding and hybrid seed production.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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