Spatiotemporal models that account for heterogeneity within microbial communities rely on single-cell data for calibration and validation. Such data, commonly collected via microscopy and flow ...cytometry, have been made more accessible by recent advances in microfluidics platforms and data processing pipelines. However, validating models against such data poses significant challenges. Validation practices vary widely between modelling studies; systematic and rigorous methods have not been widely adopted. Similar challenges are faced by the (macrobial) ecology community, in which systematic calibration approaches are often employed to improve quantitative predictions from computational models. Here, we review single-cell observation techniques that are being applied to study microbial communities and the calibration strategies that are being employed for accompanying spatiotemporal models. To facilitate future calibration efforts, we have compiled a list of summary statistics relevant for quantifying spatiotemporal patterns in microbial communities. Finally, we highlight some recently developed techniques that hold promise for improved model calibration, including algorithmic guidance of summary statistic selection and machine learning approaches for efficient model simulation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Studies suggest that Sense of Embodiment (SoE) enabled by VR promotes embodied and active learning. However, it is unclear what features of VR learning environments tap into the concept of embodied ...learning. For example, interaction techniques, movement and purely observational scenarios in VR can all play a role in facilitating embodied learning. To understand how these mechanisms impact learning, we conducted 2 studies with a total of 64 participants who had no prior experience in the training task. Participants were taught how to use a table saw in 4 conditions and were tested on their task performance in a fully interactive VR assessment. The conditions were analyzed in pairs; 2 conditions with different interaction techniques, 2 conditions with differing ability to move and a cross-study analysis comparing conditions with purely observational learning to interactive learning. We used a mixed methods approach; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), pairwise comparison of the learning outcomes in each condition as well as thematic analysis of the interview results. We found that some types of “hands-on” interactions can have a detrimental impact on learning and that observational learning can be as impactful as a fully interactive experience. Based on participant interviews, we explored how these mechanisms of the learning environment can impact participants’ learning ability.
•The impact of interaction mechanisms, and interactivity on cognitive learning outcomes in VR are unclear.•Some "hands-on" interaction techniques can have a detrimental impact on learning in VR.•An increase in interactivity does not necessarily translate to improved learning in VR.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Stachys lavandulifolia is a medicinal plant growing in different parts of Iran. Its flower and leaf infusions are used for treating diseases related to stomach and also as sedative for insomnia and ...stress. This research was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications to investigate the essential oil contents of leaf and flower obtained from four different sites (Shahrud, Ghuchan, Nyshabur, and Mashhad). Ethnopharmacological data were obtained from local people and the plant samples were collected from their habitas during flowering stage in spring 2014. Essential oils of the sample leaves and flowers were distilled using a Clevenger apparatus to determine essential oil percent and yield in each site. Furthermore, the essential oil components were determined with a GC/MS tool. Results of ethnopharmacological study showed that this plant has different local names in the sites under study but its general application was for reducing stress. The highest essential oil yield and percent and also dry weight were obtained from Mashhad. Also, the highest numbers of essential oil components of Stachys lavandulifolia flower (n=72) and leaf (n=82) were extracted from Nyshabur and Ghuchan, respectively with a maximum essential oil weights of 92.692 and 96.818, respectively. The highest values of major components including betapinene, betaphellandrane, and caryophyllene were obtained from Shahroud and the highest values of spathulenol and alfathujene were obtained from Ghuchan and Mashhad, respectively and these components were higher in leaves than in flowers. The highest quality of the essential oils was obtained from plants grown in Mashhad and Ghuchan habitats.
In this paper, having reviewed necessary preliminaries, including sparsity, Tsallis entropy, diversity, preprocessing, fisher information, and Cramer–Rao bound, we analyze the impact of preprocessing ...a signal on the signal sparsity related to Cramer–Rao lower bound and its main feature, for example, its reconstruction error. The main idea of this paper is to increase the sparsity of a vector, or to decrease its nonzero elements, then to compute the estimation error bound before and after sparsifying the signal. Finally, the claims are validated numerically. We implement Savitzky–Golay filtering on some ECG signals (applying MIT-BIH database of cardiac signals) and then compress them, to illustrate that the sparsity (the reconstruction error) of non-filtered signal was less (more) than that of filtered one. The results can be useful in signal compression and transmission procedures to have fewer recovery errors.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Importance An association between serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and the risk of kidney failure in patients with exertional rhabdomyolysis (ERM) has been suggested. However, the actual incidence ...of AKI in hospitalized patients with ERM along with the contributing cofactors that may increase the risk of AKI have rarely been investigated. Objectives To examine the incidence of kidney injury in hospitalized patients with ERM and to identify additional cofactors that might contribute to the development of kidney injury in patients with ERM. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a diverse community population of patients 18 years or older with ERM who were hospitalized across Kaiser Permanente Northern California between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2019. Patients were initially identified through electronic screening for all-cause rhabdomyolysis admissions, followed by manual medical record reviews to verify their eligibility for the study. The diagnosis of AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was determined using KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) criteria and confirmed by medical record review. Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024. Exposures History of strenuous physical exercise before hospitalization for ERM. Main Outcome and Measures Development of AKI, CKD, and compartment syndrome and number of deaths. Results Among 3790 patients hospitalized for rhabdomyolysis between 2009 and 2019 in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 200 (mean SD age, 30.5 8.5 years; 145 72.5% male) were confirmed to have ERM via medical record review. Seventeen patients (8.5%) developed AKI, none developed CKD, 1 (0.5%) developed compartment syndrome, and there were no fatalities. There was no association between serum CK levels and the risk of AKI. However, the risk of AKI was significantly higher in patients with ERM who used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) before admission (11 of 17 with AKI 64.7% vs 40 of 183 without AKI 21.9%, P < .001) or experienced dehydration (9 of 183 without AKI 52.9% vs 9 of 17 with AKI 4.9%, P < .001). This analysis suggests that eliminating preadmission NSAID use and dehydration could reduce the risk of potential AKI in patients with ERM by 92.6% (95% CI, 85.7%-96.1%) in this population. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cohort study of hospitalized patients with ERM suggest that serum CK elevation alone is insufficient as an indicator of AKI in patients with ERM. Concurrent risk factors, such as NSAID use or dehydration, may be associated with AKI development in patients with ERM.
Spatiotemporal models that account for heterogeneity within microbial communities rely on single-cell data for calibration and validation. Such data, commonly collected via microscopy and flow ...cytometry, have been made more accessible by recent advances in microfluidics platforms and data processing pipelines. However, validating models against such data poses significant challenges. Validation practices vary widely between modelling studies; systematic and rigorous methods have not been widely adopted. Similar challenges are faced by the (macrobial) ecology community, in which systematic calibration approaches are often employed to improve quantitative predictions from computational models. Here, we review single-cell observation techniques that are being applied to study microbial communities and the calibration strategies that are being employed for accompanying spatiotemporal models. To facilitate future calibration efforts, we have compiled a list of summary statistics relevant for quantifying spatiotemporal patterns in microbial communities. Finally, we highlight some recently developed techniques that hold promise for improved model calibration, including algorithmic guidance of summary statistic selection and machine learning approaches for efficient model simulation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare frictional forces between monocrystalline alumina (MA), polycrystalline alumina (PA), and stainless steel (SS) brackets with two SS wires: Rectangular ...and round. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 0.022" brackets 20 PA (0 torque, Forestadent, Germany) and 20 MA (0 torque, Ormco, California, USA) brackets plus 20 SS brackets (0 torque, Foretadent, Germany) and 60 SS archwires (30 rectangular 0.019" ×0.025" archwires and 30 round 0.018" archwires, Ortho Technology, USA) were used in subgroups of 10 from the combination of all brackets and all archwires. A universal testing machine (Instron, Model STM 250, Germany) was used to investigate the static frictional resistance. The angulation between the bracket and wire was 0, and the wires were pulled through the slots at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. Two-way and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Mean (SD) static frictional force for each group was as follows: MA + round: 3.47 (0.38); MA + rectangular: 4.05 (0.47); PA + round: 4.14 (0.37); PA + rectangular: 4.45 (0.65); SS + round: 3.28 (0.22); and SS + rectangular: 4.22 (0.61). Significant effects of bracket types (P = 0.001) and archwire types (P = 0.000) on the friction force were detected using ANOVA. Tukey test indicated significant differences between PA brackets with both SS and MA brackets (P < 0.05), but not between SS and MA brackets. The two archwires as well had significantly different effects (Tukey P = 0.000). Conclusions: Based on the present in-vitro study, the PA brackets might create higher frictional forces compared to both SS and MA brackets. The rectangular 0.019" ×0.025" archwire might create greater forces than round 0.018" archwire.
For the first time, Mid-Late Holocene insect fossil assemblages were studied from inland northern Sweden, producing new evidence relating to both natural environmental changes and human impacts. The ...insect fossil assemblages from natural deposits indicated extensive woodland with old and dead wood and a deep litter layer of decaying matter. Human impacts became apparent from the 1st millennium AD, when the landscape around many sites became more open, with elements of heath. It is difficult to determine whether these changes were driven purely by human activity, indicating subtle landscape change as a result of periodic exploitation, or if natural influences were significant in creating this landscape structure. If connected with human use, then the impacts of periodic exploitation can be seen to be subtle and localised, but notable enough to leave tell-tale signs in the insect fossil record. These relatively subtle changes in the environment can be compared with the more severe effects found during periods of historically known permanent settlement, where extensively open and disturbed habitats are suggested in the insect fossil record. Species associated with arable and pasture land are restricted to the last few hundred years, in association with settled occupation. The climate signal in the insect fossil record has been weak, and use of the Mutual Climatic Range method (MCR) has not revealed evidence of climatic fluctuations during the Late Holocene period.
For the first time, Mid-Late Holocene insect fossil assemblages were studied from inland northern Sweden, producing new evidence relating to both natural environmental changes and human impacts. The ...insect fossil assemblages from natural deposits indicated extensive woodland with old and dead wood and a deep litter layer of decaying matter. Human impacts became apparent from the 1st millennium AD, when the landscape around many sites became more open, with elements of heath. It is difficult to determine whether these changes were driven purely by human activity, indicating subtle landscape change as a result of periodic exploitation, or if natural influences were significant in creating this landscape structure. If connected with human use, then the impacts of periodic exploitation can be seen to be subtle and localised, but notable enough to leave tell-tale signs in the insect fossil record. These relatively subtle changes in the environment can be compared with the more severe effects found during periods of historically known permanent settlement, where extensively open and disturbed habitats are suggested in the insect fossil record. Species associated with arable and pasture land are restricted to the last few hundred years, in association with settled occupation. The climate signal in the insect fossil record has been weak, and use of the Mutual Climatic Range method (MCR) has not revealed evidence of climatic fluctuations during the Late Holocene period.
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