Phototransistors based on multilayer MoS2 crystals are demonstrated with a wider spectral response and higher photoresponsivity than single‐layer MoS2 phototransistors. Multilayer MoS2 ...phototransistors further exhibit high room temperature mobilities (>70 cm2V−1s−1), near‐ideal subthreshold swings (∼70 mV decade−1), low operating gate biases (<5 V), and negligible shifts in the threshold voltages during illumination.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Epidemiologic studies of Kawasaki disease (KD) have shown a new pattern or change of its occurrence suggestive of its pathophysiology or risk factors from the first patient with KD reported in 1961. ...The incidence of KD in Northeast Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, China, and Taiwan is 10-30 times higher than that in the United States and Europe. Knowing the true epidemiology of KD in each country and the availability of publications of KD epidemiology also could benefit general health care providers and general population. This would enable the early detection and treatment of KD, ultimately reducing the incidence of coronary artery complications and mortality. Therefore, efforts to investigate the true epidemiology of KD should be continued in every country using a questionnaire survey, National Health Insurance system data, or combined methods depending on each country's medical environment to ensure high-quality care of patients with KD.
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•Clostridium sp. and Bacteroides uniformis enhanced anaerobic digestion of WAS.•PICRUSt2 analysis revealed synergistic interactions between microorganisms.•Proper Bacteroidetes to ...Firmicutes ratio is essential for methane conversion.•High hydrolytic gene expression was predicted in the bioaugmented condition.
In this study, anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge was bioaugmented with hydrolytic bacteria, Bacteroidetes uniformis (Bacteroidetes, B) and Clostridium sp. (Firmicutes, F) at various dosages. Bioaugmentation resulted in enhanced methane conversion of waste-activated sludge. The highest methane yield of 298.1 mL CH4/g-COD, 85.2% COD conversion efficiency was obtained when Bacteroidetes uniformis and Clostridium sp. were augmented at 100 and 900 CFU/mL, respectively. The microbial community analysis demonstrated that bioaugmentation increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Furthermore, at the highest methane yield, the principal methanogenic pathway was altered from acetoclastic to a mixture of hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic; the major species shifted from Methanosaeta concilii to Methanobacterium subterraneum. Predicted gene analysis revealed that increased expression of hydrolases resulted in enhanced methane conversion through bioaugmentation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
In this study, the variations in system performance and microbial community composition when treating waste activated sludge without prior chemical or physical pretreatment in anaerobic ...systems is examined. Two lab‐scale digesters, namely anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) and continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), were operated and maintained under mesophilic conditions at varying hydraulic retention times (10‐25 days). Decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) affected the methane yield (MY) and methane production rate (MPR) proportionally in both systems. The AnDMBR's maximum MY of 252 mL CH4/g‐VS and MPR of 0.73 L/L/d were 25% and 34% higher than those obtained using the CSTR, respectively. Moreover, a decrease in HRT was accompanied by accumulation of butyric acid in the CSTR, which caused further performance deterioration. In both systems, AnDMBR's dynamic membrane acted as an added layer preventing methanogen wash‐out and retaining the essential microorganisms for stable sludge treatment. Dominance in the microbial composition shifted from a strict acetoclastic to a mixed acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic community and that a decrease in the ration of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was associated with the increased MY.
The suitability of anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) treatment of waste activated sludge without prior pretreatment was studied
The AnDMBR system performed better than a pseudo‐conventional AD system
Volatile fatty acids gradually increased with decreasing hydraulic retention time
Interestingly, decreased abundance of Clostridiales led to a decreased methane yield in both systems
Methanosaeta concilii was the dominant methanogen within the AnDMBR
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the focus of an emerging treatment for osteoarthritis. However, few studies reported about outcomes of an intra‐articular injection of autologous ...adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD‐MSCs). This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a single intra‐articular injection of AD‐MSCs for patients with knee osteoarthritis. It was a prospective double‐blinded, randomized controlled, phase IIb clinical trial. AD‐MSCs were administered for 12 patients (MSC group), and the group was compared with 12 knees with injection of normal saline (control group) up to 6 months. All procedures were performed in the outpatient clinic. Primary outcome measure was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) score. Secondary outcome measure included various clinical and radiologic examination, and safety after injection. Change of cartilage defect after injection was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Single injection of AD‐MSCs led to a significant improvement of the WOMAC score at 6 months. In the control group, there was no significant change in the WOMAC score at 6 months. No serious adverse events were observed in both groups during the follow‐up period. In MRI, there was no significant change of cartilage defect at 6 months in MSC group whereas the defect in the control group was increased. An intra‐articular injection of autologous AD‐MSCs provided satisfactory functional improvement and pain relief for patients with knee osteoarthritis in the outpatient setting, without causing adverse events at 6 months' follow‐up. Larger sample size and long‐term follow‐up are required. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:504–511
Autologous adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD‐MSCs) were administered for 12 patients, and the group was compared with 12 knees with injection of normal saline up to 6 months. The procedures were performed in an outpatient clinic. An intra‐articular injection of autologous AD‐MSCs provided satisfactory functional improvement and pain relief in patients with knee osteoarthritis without causing adverse events at 6 months' follow‐up.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Calcium serves as a critical messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes. Cellular calcium signals are detected and transmitted by sensor molecules such as calcium-binding proteins. In ...plants, the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) family represents a unique group of calcium sensors and plays a key role in decoding calcium transients by specifically interacting with and regulating a family of protein kinases (CIPKs). We report here that the CBL protein CBL10 functions as a crucial regulator of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Cbl10 mutant plants exhibited significant growth defects and showed hypersensitive cell death in leaf tissues under high-salt conditions. Interestingly, the Na⁺ content of the cbl10 mutant, unlike other salt-sensitive mutants identified thus far, was significantly lower than in the wild type under either normal or high-salt conditions, suggesting that CBL10 mediates a novel Ca²⁺-signaling pathway for salt tolerance. Indeed, the CBL10 protein physically interacts with the salt-tolerance factor CIPK24 (SOS2), and the CBL10-CIPK24 (SOS2) complex is associated with the vacuolar compartments that are responsible for salt storage and detoxification in plant cells. These findings suggest that CBL10 and CIPK24 (SOS2) constitute a novel salt-tolerance pathway that regulates the sequestration/compartmentalization of Na⁺ in plant cells. Because CIPK24 (SOS2) also interacts with CBL4 (SOS3) and regulates salt export across the plasma membrane, our study identifies CIPK24 (SOS2) as a multi-functional protein kinase that regulates different aspects of salt tolerance by interacting with distinct CBL calcium sensors.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Applied alkaline-thermal pretreatment effectively enhanced the sludge disintegration.•Pretreated sludge showed 46.6% increment in methane production over untreated sludge.•An ...indicator with LB-EPS content was suggested to evaluate sludge disintegration.•Mild chemical & thermal pretreatment methods were recommended for economic feasibility.•Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes identified as the major dominant microbial population.
Alkaline-thermal pretreatment was examined for waste activated sludge (WAS) disintegration and subsequent anaerobic digestion (AD). Pretreatment at 60 °C was estimated to provide better economic benefits than higher temperature conditions. The maximum methane yield of 215.6 mL/g COD was achieved when WAS was pretreated at 60 °C and pH 10 for 24 h, which was 46.6% higher than untreated WAS. The pretreatment condition also provided the maximum net savings. The degree of sludge disintegration, considering both loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substance and soluble COD, would be a better indicator to predict anaerobic digestibility than the solubilization rate that considers soluble COD alone. Microbial analysis implied that pretreatment facilitated the growth of hydrolytic bacteria, phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. In addition, sludge pretreatment enhanced the growth of both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, genera Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium. The mild AT-PT would be useful to enhance the digestion performance and economic benefit of WAS digestion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Alkaline-thermal pretreatment enhanced system stability at various WAS fraction.•Highest MPR of 0.70 L/L·d was achieved at fraction of 0.75 and OLR 5 g COD/L·d.•FOS/TAC monitoring ...promptly responds to AnDMBR instability.•The gene copy numbers of methanogenic archaea and SMA increased as OLR rises.
This study investigates the effects of sludge compositions and organic loading rates (OLRs) on stable biogas production during sludge digestion. Batch digestion experiments evaluate the effects of alkaline-thermal pretreatment and waste activated sludge (WAS) fractions on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of sludge. A lab-scale anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) is fed with a mixture of primary sludge and pretreated WAS. Monitoring of volatile fatty acid to total alkalinity (FOS/TAC) helps maintain operational stability. The highest average methane production rate of 0.7 L/L·d is achieved when the OLR, hydraulic retention time, WAS volume fraction, and FOS/TAC ratio are 5.0 g COD/L·d, 12 days, 0.75, and 0.32, respectively. This study finds functional redundancy in two pathways: hydrogenotrophic and acetolactic. An increase in OLR promotes bacterial and archaeal abundance and specific methanogenic activity. These results can be applied to the design and operation of sludge digestion for stable, high-rate biogas recovery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•WAS digestion by dynamic membrane was viable at feed concentration up to 100 gCOD/L.•Extracellular polymeric substances influenced the particle size and aggregate ...formation.•Bacteroidetes uniformis and Clostridium quinii were the major fermentative bacteria.•Archaeal population shifted to a hydrogenotrophic dominant at higher loading rate.•Establishment of the DM layer could be inferred from the occurrence of GTFs genes.
Biomass retention through the dynamic membrane (DM) proved beneficial to the stable performance of AnDMBR treating waste activated sludge without prior pretreatment. The highest average methane production rate of 1.04 L-CH4/L/d was achieved at a feed concentration of 100 g-COD/L and an organic loading rate of 6.25 g-COD/L-d. Increasing substrate concentration resulted in archaeal population shift from a mixed acetate/H2 utilizing methanogens (Methanosarcinales) to strict H2 utilizing methanogens (Methanobacteriales). Predicted functional gene analysis also confirmed hydrogenotrophic encoding genes became dominant in methanogenic pathways at higher feed concentration. The occurrence of glycosyltransferase encoding genes has substantiated the role of EPS towards DM layer (biofilm) formation which could retain essential microorganisms and achieve steady sludge treatment performance at the high organic loading rate. Moreover, increase in average particle size distribution may suggest the presence of microbial aggregates which also helped in establishing the DM layer. This study shows a promising potential of high-rate treatment of WAS using an AnDMBR system and provides new insights regarding biofilm (DM layer) development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that positively regulates seed dormancy and stress tolerance. PYL/RCARs were identified an intracellular ABA receptors regulating ABA-dependent gene expression ...inArabidopsis thaliana. However, their function in monocot species has not been characterized yet. Herein, it is demonstrated that PYL/RCAR orthologues inOryza sativafunction as a positive regulator of the ABA signal transduction pathway. Transgenic rice plants expressing OsPYL/RCAR5, a PYL/RCAR orthologue of rice, were found to be hypersensitive to ABA during seed germination and early seedling growth. A rice ABA signalling unit composed of OsPYL/RCAR5, OsPP2C30, SAPK2, and OREB1 for ABA-dependent gene regulation was further identified, via interaction assays and a transient gene expression assay. Thus, a core signalling unit for ABA-responsive gene expression modulating seed germination and early seedling growth in rice has been unravelled. This study provides substantial contributions toward understanding the ABA signal transduction pathway in rice.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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