Predicting the synthesizability of inorganic materials is one of the major challenges in accelerated material discovery. A widely employed approximate approach is to consider the thermodynamic ...decomposition stability due to its simplicity of computing, but it is notorious for either producing too many candidates or missing important metastable materials. These results, however, are not unexcepted since the synthesizability is a complex phenomenon, and the thermodynamic stability is just one contributor. Here, we suggest a machine-learning model to quantify the probability of synthesis based on the partially supervised learning of materials database. We adapted the positive and unlabeled machine learning (PU learning) by implementing the graph convolutional neural network as a classifier in which the model outputs crystal-likeness scores (CLscore). The model shows 87.4% true positive (CLscore > 0.5) prediction accuracy for the test set of experimentally reported cases (9356 materials) in the Materials Project. We further validated the model by predicting the synthesizability of newly reported experimental materials in the last 5 years (2015–2019) with an 86.2% true positive rate using the model trained with the database as of the end of year 2014. Our analysis shows that our model captures the structural motif for synthesizability beyond what is possible by E hull. We find that 71 materials among the top 100 high-scoring virtual materials have indeed been previously synthesized in the literature. With the proposed data-driven metric of the crystal-likeness score, high-throughput virtual screenings and generative models can benefit significantly by effectively reducing the chemical space that needs to be explored experimentally in the future toward more rational materials design.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
This study examines the ongoing impact of religiously affiliated private institutions on the dynamics of higher education in South Korea. To do so, this study pays attention to the case of Dongguk ...University as a renowned Buddhist-affiliated institution. By exploring the university’s institutional mission, educational goals, governance, symbolic representations, and curricula, this study illustrates the ways in which Dongguk University integrates its Buddhist identity into various facets of its educational framework. This study especially highlights the university’s ongoing efforts to reconcile its religious vision based upon Buddhism with its broader educational responsibilities to our society so as to educate well-rounded citizens who can creatively address contemporary challenges we now face. With an in-depth exploration of Dongguk University rooted in Buddhism, this study sheds light on the distinct characteristics of religiously affiliated private institutions and their influences on the educational landscape in South Korea. In doing so, this study offers valuable insights into the ways to examine the intersections between religions, education, and contemporary society. Such insights elucidate the critical roles of religions in our public life and their implications for the future of education in an era of unprecedented social, cultural, and technological changes.
Large‐area polymer FET arrays and integrated circuits (ICs) are successfully demonstrated via a simple wire‐bar–coating process. Both a highly crystalline conjugated polymer layer and very smooth ...insulating polymer layer are formed by a consecutive wire‐bar–coating process on a 4‐inch plastic substrate with a short processing time for application as the active and dielectric layers of OFET arrays and ICs.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper proposes a method that synthesizes realistic sonar images using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). A ray-tracing-based sonar simulator first calculates semantic information of a ...viewed scene, and the GAN-based style transfer algorithm then generates realistic sonar images from the simulated images. We evaluated the method by measuring the similarity between the generated realistic images and real sonar images for several objects. We applied the proposed method to deep learning-based object detection, which is necessary to automate underwater tasks such as shipwreck investigation, mine removal, and landmark-based navigation. The detection results showed that the proposed method could generate images realistic enough to be used as training images of target objects. The proposed method can synthesize realistic training images of various angles and circumstances without sea trials, making the object detection straightforward and robust. The proposed method of generating realistic sonar images can be applied to other sonar-image-based algorithms as well as to object detection.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Morphine is the most potent analgesic for chronic pain, but its clinical use has been limited by the opiate's innate tendency to produce tolerance, severe withdrawal symptoms and rewarding properties ...with a high risk of relapse. To understand the addictive properties of morphine, past studies have focused on relevant molecular and cellular changes in the brain, highlighting the functional roles of reward-related brain regions. Given the accumulated findings, a recent, emerging trend in morphine research is that of examining the dynamics of neuronal interactions in brain reward circuits under the influence of morphine action. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the roles of several reward circuits involved in morphine addiction based on pharmacological, molecular and physiological evidences.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The universal role of high‐k fluorinated dielectrics in assisting the carrier transport in transistors for a broad range of printable semiconductors is explored. These results present general rules ...for how to design dielectric materials and achieve devices with a high carrier concentration, low disorder, reliable operation, and robust properties.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
High‐performance top‐gated organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) memory devices using electrets and their applications to flexible printed organic NAND flash are reported. The OFETs based on an ...inkjet‐printed p‐type polymer semiconductor with efficiently chargeable dielectric poly(2‐vinylnaphthalene) (PVN) and high‐k blocking gate dielectric poly(vinylidenefluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) shows excellent non‐volatile memory characteristics. The superior memory characteristics originate mainly from reversible charge trapping and detrapping in the PVN electret layer efficiently in low‐k/high‐k bilayered dielectrics. A strategy is devised for the successful development of monolithically inkjet‐printed flexible organic NAND flash memory through the proper selection of the polymer electrets (PVN or PS), where PVN/‐ and PS/P(VDF‐TrFE) devices are used as non‐volatile memory cells and ground‐ and bit‐line select transistors, respectively. Electrical simulations reveal that the flexible printed organic NAND flash can be possible to program, read, and erase all memory cells in the memory array repeatedly without affecting the non‐selected memory cells.
A facile strategy for the successful development of monolithically printed and flexible organic NAND flash memory is reported. The success comes from proper selection of polymer electrets (poly(2‐vinylnaphthalene) or polystyrene in top‐gate/bottom‐contact polymer field‐effect transistors with bi‐layered polymer dielectrics, i.e., poly(vinylidenefluoride trifluoroethylene) and electret.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Embedded devices are becoming increasingly common and, as a result, more susceptible to security threats. Consequently, analyzing the firmware of these devices is essential for detecting and ...mitigating vulnerabilities. Hardware dependencies pose a major challenge for firmware analysis, as they require either running the firmware on the original hardware or emulating various hardware behaviors in a virtualized environment. Firmware rehosting, which allows firmware to run in a virtualized environment (i.e., emulation), is a recent research approach to overcome the hardware dependency problem. However, this approach faces several challenges, such as: limited applicability, path elimination, and lack of support for dynamic direct memory access (DMA). To address these challenges, we propose VDEmu, a novel firmware rehosting system that integrates hybrid fuzzing-based memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) modeling and dynamic DMA support. VDEmu can handle MMIO accesses without requiring precise implementation of peripherals and can access overlooked DMA logic by creating and removing DMA streams through a virtual DMA controller. Therefore, VDEmu can mitigate limited applicability and path elimination through fuzzing and explore more firmware logic through DMA support. We evaluated our approach on real-world targets comprising a total of eight hardware platforms and 14 firmware images. Compared with state-of-the-art works, VDEmu was the only work that could model all interactions between firmware and hardware (i.e., MMIO, DMA, and interrupts), and VDEmu achieved a code coverage that was up to 9.15 times higher. VDEmu discovered two previously unknown bugs, including ones previously analyzed in other works.
Ambipolar π-conjugated polymers may provide inexpensive large-area manufacturing of complementary integrated circuits (CICs) without requiring micro-patterning of the individual p- and n-channel ...semiconductors. However, current-generation ambipolar semiconductor-based CICs suffer from higher static power consumption, low operation frequencies, and degraded noise margins compared to complementary logics based on unipolar p- and n-channel organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Here, we demonstrate a simple methodology to control charge injection and transport in ambipolar OFETs via engineering of the electrical contacts. Solution-processed caesium (Cs) salts, as electron-injection and hole-blocking layers at the interface between semiconductors and charge injection electrodes, significantly decrease the gold (Au) work function (∼4.1 eV) compared to that of a pristine Au electrode (∼4.7 eV). By controlling the electrode surface chemistry, excellent p-channel (hole mobility ∼0.1–0.6 cm2/(Vs)) and n-channel (electron mobility ∼0.1–0.3 cm2/(Vs)) OFET characteristics with the same semiconductor are demonstrated. Most importantly, in these OFETs the counterpart charge carrier currents are highly suppressed for depletion mode operation (I off < 70 nA when I on > 0.1–0.2 mA). Thus, high-performance, truly complementary inverters (high gain >50 and high noise margin >75% of ideal value) and ring oscillators (oscillation frequency ∼12 kHz) based on a solution-processed ambipolar polymer are demonstrated.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Ultrasound-induced optical clearing microscopy (US-OCM) addresses limited imaging depth in optical microscopy, caused by light scattering in biological tissues. It uses ultrasound-induced gas bubbles ...to better image biological samples. However, controlling the bubble location using only ultrasound is challenging. This study introduces a novel method, “optrasound,” combining optical and ultrasound energies for precise bubble control. It presents the ultrasound field and uses a focused laser to trigger bubble formation. Optrasound-induced deep microscopy improves light beam width by 3.39 times at a depth of 350 µm because the gas bubbles reduce light scattering. This technique can precisely localize a bubble cloud while matching the US-OCM performance.
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