Vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed for the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we screen human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the ...receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein via antibody library constructed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a convalescent patient. The CT-P59 mAb potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 isolates including the D614G variant without antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Complex crystal structure of CT-P59 Fab/RBD shows that CT-P59 blocks interaction regions of RBD for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor with an orientation that is notably different from previously reported RBD-targeting mAbs. Furthermore, therapeutic effects of CT-P59 are evaluated in three animal models (ferret, hamster, and rhesus monkey), demonstrating a substantial reduction in viral titer along with alleviation of clinical symptoms. Therefore, CT-P59 may be a promising therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.
A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is a liquid electrolyte (LE) entrapped by a small amount of polymer network less than several wt%, which is characterized by properties between those of liquid and ...solid electrolytes in terms of the ionic conductivity and physical phase. Electrolyte leakage and flammability, demerits of liquid electrolytes, can be mitigated by using GPEs in electrochemical cells. However, the contact problems between GPEs and porous electrodes are challenging because it is difficult to incorporate GPEs into the pores and voids of electrodes. Herein, the focus is on GPEs that are gelated in situ within cells instead of covering comprehensive studies of GPEs. A mixture of LE and monomer or polymer in a liquid phase is introduced into a pre‐assembled cell without electrolyte, followed by thermal gelation based on physical gelation, monomer polymerization, or polymer cross‐linking. Therefore, GPEs are formed omnipresent in cells, covering the pores of electrode material particles, and even the pores of separators. As a result, different from ex situ formed GPEs, the in situ GPEs have no electrode/electrolyte contact problems. Functional GPEs are introduced as a more advanced form of GPEs, improving lithium‐ion transference number or capturing transition metals released from electrode materials.
Gel polymer electrolytes characterized by in situ gelation are presented. Different from ex situ gelated GPEs outside of electrochemical cells, in situ GPEs are formed omnipresent within cells covering the pores of the electrode material particles, and even the pores of the separators. The merits of in situ GPEs are demonstrated in electrochemical energy systems such as lithium‐ion batteries and lithium–sulfur batteries.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background and Aim
We conducted a nationwide validation study of diagnostic algorithms to identify cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) within the Korea National Health Insurance System (NHIS) ...database.
Method
Using the NHIS dataset, we developed 44 algorithms combining the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐10 codes, codes for Rare and Intractable Diseases (RID) registration and claims data for health care encounters, and pharmaceutical prescriptions for IBD‐specific drugs.
For each algorithm, we compared the case identification results from electronic medical records data with the gold standard (chart‐based diagnosis). A multiple sampling test verified the validation results from the entire study population.
Results
A random nationwide sample of 1697 patients (848 potential cases and 849 negative control cases) from 17 hospitals were included for validation. A combination of the ICD‐10 code, ≥ 1 claims for health care encounters, and ≥ 1 prescription claims (reference algorithm) achieved excellent performance (sensitivity, 93.1% 95% confidence interval 91–94.7; specificity, 98.1% 96.9–98.8; positive predictive value, 97.5% 96.1–98.5; negative predictive value, 94.5% 92.8–95.8) with the lowest error rate (4.2% 3.3–5.3). The multiple sampling test confirmed that the reference algorithm achieves the best performance regarding IBD diagnosis. Algorithms including the RID registration codes exhibited poorer performance compared with that of the reference algorithm, particularly for the diagnosis of patients affiliated with secondary hospitals. The performance of the reference algorithm showed no statistical difference depending on the hospital volume or IBD type, with P‐value < 0.05.
Conclusions
We strongly recommend the reference algorithm as a uniform standard operational definition for future studies using the NHIS database.
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A novel deep-learning algorithm for artificial neural networks (ANNs), completely different from the back-propagation method, was developed in a previous study. The purpose of this study was to ...assess the feasibility of using the algorithm for the detection of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) and the classification of its subtypes, without employing the convolutional neural network (CNN). For the detection of ICH with the summation of all the computed tomography (CT) images for each case, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.859, and the sensitivity and the specificity were 78.0% and 80.0%, respectively. Regarding ICH localisation, CT images were divided into 10 subdivisions based on the intracranial height. With the subdivision of 41-50%, the best diagnostic performance for detecting ICH was obtained with AUC of 0.903, the sensitivity of 82.5%, and the specificity of 84.1%. For the classification of the ICH to subtypes, the accuracy rate for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was considerably excellent at 91.7%. This study revealed that our approach can greatly reduce the ICH diagnosis time in an actual emergency situation with a fairly good diagnostic performance.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Our study is aimed at synthesizing cobalt oxide (Co3O4) with graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to form a Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid through a green mechanochemical one-pot synthetic approach for ...manufacturing efficient supercapacitor electrodes and photocatalysts. In the present study, the Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid revealed a significantly higher specific capacitance (Cs) (of ~ 457.2 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1) than that of the pristine Co3O4, which proved its pseudocapacitive behavior, with a couple of redox peaks observed in three electrode measurements (obtained by using a 3.0-M KOH aqueous electrolyte). The optimized Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid was further embedded for a symmetric supercapacitor performance, delivering an excellent Cs of ~ 92 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1; this was supplemented with a remarkable cycling stability (~ 92% over 5000 cycles). The Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid was further examined for photocatalysis activity using a rhodamine B (RhB) dye, and more than 95% RhB dye was degraded through the photocatalytic reduction process (after 60 min of UV irradiation). This Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and stability and appears to be a highly efficient, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and reusable catalyst; the g-C3N4 present with the Co3O4 acted as a conductive nano-network, leading to a higher capacitive and photocatalytic performance.
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•One-pot mechanochemical green Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid material.•Material is explored as supercapacitor electrode as well as photocatalyst.•Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid exhibited higher specific capacitance than pristine Co3O4,•The Co3O4@g-C3N4 hybrid was examined for photocatalysis through Rhodamine B.•More than 90% RhB dye was degraded after subjected UV irradiations for the 50 min.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
In this work, we demonstrated the phase‐tuned MoS2 layers (2H‐ MoS2, 1 T‐ MoS2, and 2H/1 T‐MoS2) using a one‐pot reaction, scientifically significant due to their impermeable characteristics. ...Strongly‐bonded, vertically‐aligned layers were perceived by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for 2H/1 T‐MoS2 layers. The spacing between the two layers was expanded to 0.67 nm, which is favorable for intercalation process. Further, mixed‐phase MoS2 sheets were successively blended with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to form 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO hybrid. Spectroscopic studies verified the formation of phase‐tuned MoS2 and 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO hybrid. The resulting 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO hybrid TEM micrograph shows the layered MoS2 lattices decorated rGO nano‐structure. Symmetric supercapacitors constructed from 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO hybrid electrodes demonstrated improved storage capacity with solid pseudo‐capacitive behavior compared to the pure phases. Surface‐modified 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO nanostructures exhibited a high energy density of 55 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 3 kW·kg−1 with a symmetric capacitance of 275 F·g−1 at a current density of 1 A·g−1, along with an excellent cyclic constancy (~97% capacity after 5000 cycles).
Successfully synthesized the phase‐tune (2H, 1 T and 2H/1 T) MoS2 layers and 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO hybrid composites using one‐pot reaction. A compatible symmetric capacitance of 275 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 current density is accomplished for 2H/1 T‐MoS2@rGO hybrid. Hybrid electrode is unveiled a high energy density of 55 Wh·kg−1 at 3 kW·kg−1.
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Bacillus genus produces several secondary metabolites with biocontrol ability against various phytopathogens. Bacillus velezensis AK-0 (AK-0), an antagonistic strain isolated from Korean ginseng ...rhizospheric soil, was found to exhibit antagonistic activity against several phytopathogens. To further display the genetic mechanism of the biocontrol traits of AK-0, we report the complete genome sequence of AK-0 and compared it with complete genome sequences of closely related strains. We report the biocontrol activity of AK-0 against apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which could lead to commercialization of this strain as a microbial biopesticide in Korea. To retain its biocontrol efficacy for a longer period, AK-0 has been formulated with ingredients for commercialization, named AK-0 product formulation (AK-0PF). AK-0PF played a role in the suppression of the mycelial growth of the fungicide-resistant pathogen C. gloeosporioides YCHH4 at a greater level than the non-treated control. Moreover, AK-0PF exhibited greater disease suppression of bitter rot in matured under field conditions. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the AK-0 strain, which has a 3,969,429 bp circular chromosome with 3808 genes and a G+C content of 46.5%. The genome sequence of AK-0 provides a greater understanding of the Bacillus species, which displays biocontrol activity via secondary metabolites. The genome has eight potential secondary metabolite biosynthetic clusters, among which, ituD and bacD genes were expressed at a greater level than other genes. This work provides a better understanding of the strain AK-0, as an effective biocontrol agent (BCA) against phytopathogens, including bitter rot in apple.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective
There is no scale for rating the severity of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). In this study, we aimed to develop a novel scale for rating severity in patients with diverse AE syndromes and to ...verify the reliability and validity of the developed scale.
Methods
The key items were generated by a panel of experts and selected according to content validity ratios. The developed scale was initially applied to 50 patients with AE (development cohort) to evaluate its acceptability, reproducibility, internal consistency, and construct validity. Then, the scale was applied to another independent cohort (validation cohort, n = 38).
Results
A new scale consisting of 9 items (seizure, memory dysfunction, psychiatric symptoms, consciousness, language problems, dyskinesia/dystonia, gait instability and ataxia, brainstem dysfunction, and weakness) was developed. Each item was assigned a value of up to 3 points. The total score could therefore range from 0 to 27. We named the scale the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). The new scale showed excellent interobserver (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC = 0.97) and intraobserver (ICC = 0.96) reliability for total scores, was highly correlated with modified Rankin scale (r = 0.86, p < 0.001), and had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). Additionally, in the validation cohort, the scale showed high interobserver reliability (ICC = 0.99) and internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.92).
Interpretation
CASE is a novel clinical scale for AE with a high level of clinimetric properties. It would be suitable for application in clinical practice and might help overcome the limitations of current outcome scales for AE. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:352–358.
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2D organic semiconductor crystals are emerging as a fascinating platform with regard to their applications in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), attributed to their enhanced charge transport ...efficiency and their new optoelectronic functions, based on their unique morphological features. Advances in material processing techniques have not only enabled easy fabrication of few‐monolayered 2D nanostructures but also facilitated exploration of the interesting properties induced by characteristic 2D morphologies. However, to date, only a limited number of representative organic semiconductors have been utilized in organic 2D optoelectronics. Therefore, in order to further spur this research, an intuitive crystal engineering principle for realizing organic 2D crystals is required. In this regard, here, not only the important implications of applying 2D structures to OFET devices are discussed but also a crystal engineering protocol is provided that first predicts molecular arrangements depending on the molecular factors, which is followed by realizing 2D supramolecular synthon networks for different molecular packing motifs. It is expected that 2D organic semiconductor crystals developed by this approach will pave a promising way toward next‐generation organic 2D optoelectronics.
2D crystals based on organic semiconducting materials have established breakthroughs in the performance of organic field‐effect transistors and the emergence of novel optoelectronic functions. In addition to highlighting the significances of 2D organic semiconductor crystal platforms, material design principles for implementing programmed 2D assembling molecules are provided.
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The demand to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversion has dramatically increased over the past few years. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent–organic ...frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising materials to improve the catalytic efficiency of a variety of electrochemical energy conversion reactions. Compared to 3D bulk MOFs and COFs, which are commonly obtained by typical synthesis routes, 2D MOFs and COFs are achieved through innovative synthesis strategies, and exhibit further benefits in terms of chemical and structural properties. Specifically, the large porosity and ultrathin structure of the 2D materials contribute to exotic properties such as large surface area, mechanical flexibility, enhanced electrical conductivity, and rapid mass transport during reactions, which are highly applicable to electrocatalysis. In this review, the synthesis methods of 2D MOFs and COFs are first discussed. Then, the distinct advantages and recent advances in 2D materials for electrocatalytic reactions, including water splitting, O2 reduction reaction, CO2 reduction reaction, and N2 reduction reaction, are introduced. Finally, based on existing challenges, crucial issues for the development of reliable 2D MOFs and COFs with enhanced catalytic performance are discussed.
Two‐dimensional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) are attractive materials for the design of new electrocatalysts. In this review, the design strategies and methods of 2D MOFs and COFs to synthesize nanosheets of these materials are surveyed. Finally, the electrocatalytic performances of 2D MOFs and COFs are discussed, with comparisons to the current benchmarks set by related 3D structures.
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