Heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) is a potent growth factor involved in wound healing and tumorigenesis. Despite the sequence similarity between HB‐EGF and EGF, HB‐EGF induces cellular ...proliferation and migration more potently than EGF. However, the differential regulation by HB‐EGF and EGF has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we compared signaling pathways activated by HB‐EGF and EGF to understand the details of the molecular mechanism of the high potency induced by HB‐EGF. HB‐EGF specifically induced the phosphorylation of EGFR‐Y1045 and activated Stat5, which is responsible for promoting cell proliferation, and migration. The competition of phosphorylated EGFR‐Y1045 inhibited Stat5 activation and consequently lowered the effect of HB‐EGF on cell proliferation, suggesting that the phosphorylation of EGFR‐Y1045 is essential for the activation of Stat5. The phosphorylation of EGFR‐Y1045 and Stat5 induced by HB‐EGF was prevented by sequestering the heparin‐binding domain, suggesting that the heparin‐binding domain is critical for HB‐EGF‐mediated signaling and cellular responses. In conclusion, the heparin‐binding domain of HB‐EGF was responsible for EGFR‐mediated Stat5 activation, resulting in a more potent cellular proliferation, and migration than that mediated by EGF. This molecular mechanism is useful for understanding ligand‐specific EGFR signaling and developing biomedicines for wound healing or cancer therapy.
HB‐EGF significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Stat5 unlike EGF. A tyrosine phosphorylation site within the EGFR (EGFR‐Y1045) is required for Stat5 activation. The heparin‐binding domain of HB‐EGF was critical for EGFR‐mediated Stat5 activation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We present the luminescent and scintillation characteristics of CsI:CO sub(3) single crystals. The CsI:CO sub(3) single crystals were grown by using Czochralski method for different concentrations of ...CO sub(3) from 0.007 to 0.1 mole%. The crystals were cut into a size of 10 mm times 10 mm times 5 mm. The luminescent characteristics were measured with X-rays to study the emission spectra of the CsI:CO sub(3) crystals. The scintillation properties of the CsI:CO sub(3) crystals such as fluorescence decay time, energy resolution, pulse height spectra, proportionality, and relative light output were studied by using various gamma-ray sources with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) at room temperature. The absolute light outputs of the crystals were also measured with an avalanche photo-diode (APD).
This paper studies short-packet communication (SPC) in multi-reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multi-antenna wireless systems. In this system, a sensor node communicates with another ...sensor node through the help of an access point (AP) and two sets of distributed RISs. Aiming to enhance system performance, we combine the best RIS selection strategies with maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) beamforming designs to improve the transmitted signal and selection combining (SC) or maximum-ratio combining (MRC) to increase the received signals. Closed-form expressions for the block error rate (BLER) BLER, throughput, latency, and reliability of the receivers over Rayleigh fading channels are derived to evaluate the system performance. Numerical results show that, in the first transmission phase, employing MRC with optimal phase shift (OPS) occurring at RIS can help AP achieve the best BLER performance, while SC with OPS provides better BLER performance than MRC and uncertain phase shift (UPS). In the second transmission phase, the reflective-path beamforming design shows better performance than the direct-path beamforming design, where OPS also attains outstanding performance when compared to UPS. Aiming for real-time system configurations with high reliability along with minimizing costs and resources, we propose a deep learning (DL) approach to optimize the number of reflective elements at each RIS or the number of RIS in a set of distributed RISs. Our work shows that the prediction results of the DL framework match the analytical derivations and the deep neural network (DNN) can help the systems save overhead and resources while satisfying the requirement of real-time communication.
Pioneered by our group, thallium (Tl)‐based inorganic halide single‐crystals are potential new scintillators. Most of these scintillators exhibit excellent scintillation performance, including peak ...emission between 370 and 450 nm, good energy resolutions, high light yield (more than 50 000 ph MeV‐1) and fast decay‐time (less than 40 ns). In addition, these scintillators demonstrate good pulse shape discrimination capability. The grown pure crystals show strong luminescence and high light yields due to the presence of Tl ion in the host lattice. Thanks to the high Z‐number and density of the Tl, the grown scintillators have high density (ρ > 4 g cm−3) and high effective Z‐number (Zeff ≥ 60). Being hygroscopic, like other halide scintillators, these single crystals are grown by the Bridgman technique. It is expected that the discovered scintillators will perform better than most commercial scintillators used in different applications. Significant improvement in the scintillation properties are achieved with the modification of the crystal growth procedure of the grown scintillators. Preliminary results revealed that these scintillators are very promising from an application point of view, while further investigations are underway for the enhancement of the present scintillators as well as for the discovery of new compounds of this family.
New thallium (Tl)‐based inorganic scintillators have the potential to efficiently detect X‐ and γ‐rays in different applications due to their high Zeff number. These scintillators show high light yield, excellent energy resolution, and fast decay constants as well as possess excellent pulse shape discrimination capability between α‐particles and γ‐rays. Compared with commercial scintillators, Tl‐based scintillators show better performance.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, biofuel co-products (BCPs) containing lignin derived from biomass were investigated to gain further insight into the effects on stabilizing roadbed soils. A liquid type and a powder ...type of BCPs were mixed with four types of soils with various contents to determine the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of BCP stabilized soils. Results indicated that the addition of BCPs significantly increased soil compressive strength, and both of BCP A and BCP B demonstrated the greater strength improvement on relative coarse soil, such as Soil 4 classified as A-4 or ML. The freeze-thaw durability and moisture susceptibility of soils were improved due to the addition of BCP as well, and Soil 1 classified as A-6 or SC and 3 classified as A-4 or CL-ML obtained more benefit to resist moisture from that. Microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that BCPs are capable to coat and bond soil particles to form strong soil structures. Findings from this study provide a fundamental guidance to pavement researchers and engineers to use BCP as an effective soil stabilizer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Protein‐protein imprinting of silk fibroin is introduced as a rapid, high‐throughput method for the fabrication of nanoscale structures in silk films, through the application of heat and pressure. ...Imprinting on conformal surfaces is demonstrated with minor adjustments to the system, at resolutions comparable to other currently available nonplanar nanoimprint lithography techniques.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Despite the well‐known association between anxiety and risk‐avoidant decision making, it is unclear how pathological anxiety biases risk learning. We propose a Bayesian inference model ...with bias parameters of prior, learning, and perception during risk learning in individuals with pathological anxiety.
Methods
Patients with panic disorder (PD, n = 40) and healthy control subjects (n = 84) completed the balloon analog risk task (BART). By fitting our computational model of three bias parameters (prior belief, learning rate, and perceptual bias) to the participants' behavior, we estimated the degree of bias in risk learning and its relationship with anxiety symptoms.
Results
Relative to the healthy control subjects, the pathologically anxious participants exhibited a biased underestimation of perceptual evidence rather than differences in priors and learning rates. The degree of perceptual bias was correlated with the anxiety and depression symptom severity in the patients with PD. Furthermore, our proposed model was the winning model for BART data in an external data set from different patient groups.
Conclusions
Our results showed that individuals with pathological anxiety demonstrate perceptual bias in evidence accumulation, which may explain why patients with anxiety overestimate risk in their daily lives. This clarification highlights the importance of interventions focusing on perceptual bias, such as enhancing the clarity of favorable outcome probabilities.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry has allowed the determination of elemental formulas of the compounds comprising crude oils. However, elucidating molecular structures remains an analytical ...challenge. Herein, we propose and demonstrate an approach combining ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, and theoretical collisional cross-section (CCS) calculations to determine the molecular structures of aromatic compounds found in crude oils. The approach is composed of three steps. First, chemical structures are suggested based on the elemental formulas determined from ultrahigh-resolution mass spectra. Second, theoretical CCS values are calculated based on these proposed structures. Third, the calculated CCS values of the proposed structures are compared with experimentally determined CCS values from IM-MS data to provide proposed structures. For proof of concept, 31 nonalkylated and short-chain alkyl (n < 5, (CH2) n ) aromatic compounds commonly observed in crude oils were analyzed. Theoretical and experimental CCS values matched within a 5% RMS error. This approach was then used to propose structures of compounds in selected m/z regions of crude oil samples. Overall, the combination of ion mobility mass spectrometry, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculations was shown to be a useful tool for elucidating chemical structures of compounds in complex mixtures.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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