Malware distribution networks are a huge network that involves in malware distribution. We do not much realize the seriousness of the network in daily life. Until now, the works to analyze the ...network have been studied, but they are still limited because many researchers focused on detection, not investigating the internal structures of malware distribution networks. In this circumstance, the recent works tried to analyze the malware distribution networks in terms of social network analysis based on graph theories. They analyzed the malware distribution networks with nodes used in malware distribution such as malicious URLs, FQDN, malware and IPs, generated during drive-by downloads, or appeared outbound contacts. However, this approach is still lack in understandings malware distribution networks. In this study, we realized that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">degree </tex-math></inline-formula> (or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">closeness </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">betweenness </tex-math></inline-formula>, or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">eigenvector </tex-math></inline-formula>) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">centrality~measures </tex-math></inline-formula> are beneficial in finding central nodes engaging in malware distribution. This central information is by far valuable in understanding the properties of malicious network infrastructure. For instance, from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">degree~centrality~measures </tex-math></inline-formula>, we realized that malware distribution networks show high in-degree, while benign networks present high out-degree. This result offers artifacts that classify malicious networks from benign networks. After all, this study provides fundamental information to help distinguish heterogeneous networks useful in future research.
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is critical for maintaining mitochondrial protein homeostasis in response to mitochondrial stress, but early steps in UPRmt activation are not well ...understood. Here, we report a function for SPHK-1 sphingosine kinase in activating the UPRmt in C. elegans. Genetic deficiency of sphk-1 in the intestine inhibits UPRmt activation, whereas selective SPHK-1 intestinal overexpression is sufficient to activate the UPRmt. Acute mitochondrial stress leads to rapid, reversible localization of SPHK-1::GFP fusion proteins with mitochondrial membranes before UPRmt activation. SPHK-1 variants lacking kinase activity or mitochondrial targeting fail to rescue the stress-induced UPRmt activation defects of sphk-1 mutants. Activation of the UPRmt by the nervous system requires sphk-1 and elicits SPHK-1 mitochondrial association in the intestine. We propose that stress-regulated mitochondrial recruitment of SPHK-1 and subsequent S1P production are critical early events for both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous UPRmt activation.
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•SPHK-1/sphingosine kinase functions cell autonomously to activate the UPRmt•SPHK-1 is targeted to mitochondria in response to mitochondrial stress•SPHK-1 mitochondrial targeting is dynamic and occurs before UPRmt activation•SPHK-1 mitochondrial association is positively regulated by neuroendocrine signaling
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) maintains mitochondrial protein homeostasis in response to stress. Kim and Sieburth identify SPHK-1/sphingosine kinase as a positive regulator of the UPRmt that promotes UPRmt activation in response to a variety of mitochondrial stressors. SPHK-1 associates with mitochondria and SPHK-1 mitochondrial association is stress dependent, reversible, and necessary for the UPRmt, indicating that SPHK-1 mitochondrial targeting is an early step in UPRmt activation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Biomineralization, the natural pathway of assembling biogenic inorganic compounds, inspires us to exploit unique, effective strategies to fabricate functional materials with intricate structures. In ...this article, the recent advances in bio‐inspired synthesis of minerals—with a focus on those of calcium‐based minerals—and their applications to the design of functional materials for energy, environment, and biomedical fields are reviewed. Biomimetic mineralization is extending its application range to unconventional area such as the design of component materials for lithium‐ion batteries and elaborately structured composite materials utilizing carbon dioxide gas. Materials with highly enhanced mechanical properties are synthesized through emulating the nacre structure. Studies of bioactive minerals‐carbon hybrid materials show an expansion of potential applications to fields ranging from interdisciplinary science to practical engineering such as the fabrication of reinforced bone‐implantable materials.
The continuously expanding application scope of bio‐inspired (or biomimetic) mineralization is reviewed. Current applications of bio‐inspired mineralization range from energy to healthcare through the development of advanced functional materials via the interconnection and combination of different reseach fields.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Layered MnO2 is very attractive cathode material for zinc-ion battery (ZIB) due to its large interlayer distance, high discharge capacity, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, layered MnO2 ...exhibits capacity fading. Therefore, detailed studies of the structural transformation and electrochemical mechanism of layered MnO2 during cycling are urgently required for performance improvement. In this contribution, we have utilized in situ synchrotron, ex situ X-ray diffraction, and ex situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses in order to evaluate the structural transformation of a layered MnO2 during Zn-ion insertion. We found that during initial cycles, the electrode was able to maintain its layered structure; however, after prolonged cycles, it completely transformed into an irreversible spinel structure. We also observed the manganese dissolution from the electrode into the electrolyte during continuous cycling. The formation of irreversible spinel phase and manganese dissolution are responsible for capacity fading. Our findings provide the understanding for further improvement of layered MnO2 as cathode material for next generation ZIB systems.
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•Structural transformation of layered MnO2 during Zn-ion insertion is investigated.•During initial cycles, layered MnO2 electrode is able to maintain its structure.•Layered MnO2 electrode transforms into spinel structure after prolonged cycles.•Spinel formation and manganese dissolution are responsible for capacity loss.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Cost-effective, high-throughput industrial applications of metal halide perovskites in large-area displays are hampered by the fundamental difficulty of controlling the process of polycrystalline ...film formation from precursors, which results in the random growth of crystals, leading to non-uniform large grains and thus low electroluminescence efficiency in large-area perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Here we report that highly efficient large-area PeLEDs with high uniformity can be realized through the use of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs), decoupling the crystallization of perovskites from film formation. PNCs were precrystallized and surrounded by organic ligands, and thus they were not affected by the film formation process, in which a simple modified bar-coating method facilitated the evaporation of residual solvent to provide uniform large-area films. PeLEDs incorporating the uniform bar-coated PNC films achieved an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.26% for a pixel size of 4 mm
and an EQE of 22.5% for a large pixel area of 102 mm
with high reproducibility. This method provides a promising approach towards the development of large-scale industrial displays and solid-state lighting using perovskite emitters.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Two biogenic materials from mussels are attracting attention from scientists: calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the most widely studied biomineral that composes the shell, or nacre, of mussels, and ...dopamine, a small catechol-containing biomimetic molecule of adhesive foot proteins secreted by mussels. We have incorporated these two materials into the biomimetic mineralization process to produce stable vaterite microspheres, which are the most unstable crystalline phase of CaCO3. Spherical vaterite crystals were readily formed within two minutes in the presence of dopamine undergoing polymerization and were preserved for over two months in aqueous solution. The microspheres consisted of nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm and exhibited porous and spherulitic cross sections. The prolonged maintenance of spherical structure is attributed to the affinitive interaction between calcium in the vaterite microspheres and catechols from dopamine retarding the dissolution of vaterite and the growth of calcite crystals. The mussel-inspired inducement of a stable vaterite phase suggests a facile route for the synthesis of complex organic−inorganic hybrid materials utilizing biogenic systems.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Peptide self‐assembly is an attractive route for the synthesis of intricate organic nanostructures that possess remarkable structural variety and biocompatibility. Recent studies on peptide‐based, ...self‐assembled materials have expanded beyond the construction of high‐order architectures; they are now reporting new functional materials that have application in the emerging fields such as artificial photosynthesis and rechargeable batteries. Nevertheless, there have been few reviews particularly concentrating on such versatile, emerging applications. Herein, recent advances in the synthesis of self‐assembled peptide nanomaterials (e.g., cross β‐sheet‐based amyloid nanostructures, peptide amphiphiles) are selectively reviewed and their new applications in diverse, interdisciplinary fields are described, ranging from optics and energy storage/conversion to healthcare. The applications of peptide‐based self‐assembled materials in unconventional fields are also highlighted, such as photoluminescent peptide nanostructures, artificial photosynthetic peptide nanomaterials, and lithium‐ion battery components. The relation of such functional materials to the rapidly progressing biomedical applications of peptide self‐assembly, which include biosensors/chips and regenerative medicine, are discussed. The combination of strategies shown in these applications would further promote the discovery of novel, functional, small materials.
The deployment of peptide‐based self‐assembly has rapidly diversified toward the fabrication of novel functional materials with elaborate nanostructures for application in optics, energy, healthcare, and closely interrelating fields. With a focus on β‐sheet formation, peptide‐based self‐assembled nanomaterials and their recent applications in photonic devices, energy storage and conversion, biosensors, as well as to regenerative medicine are reviewed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The placenta and fetal membrane act as a protective barrier throughout pregnancy while maintaining communication and nutrient exchange between the baby and the mother. Disruption of this barrier ...leads to various pregnancy complications, including preterm birth, which can have lasting negative consequences. Thus, understanding the role of the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy and parturition is vital to advancing basic and clinical research in the field of obstetrics. However, human subject studies are inherently difficult, and appropriate animal models are lacking. Due to these challenges,
in vitro
cell culture-based studies are most commonly utilized. However, the structure and functions of conventionally used
in vitro
2D and 3D models are vastly different from the
in vivo
environment, making it difficult to fully understand the various factors affecting pregnancy as well as pathways and mechanisms contributing to term and preterm births. This limitation also makes it difficult to develop new therapeutics. The emergence of
in vivo
-like
in vitro
models such as organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms can better recapitulate
in vivo
functions and responses and has the potential to move this field forward significantly. OOC technology brings together two distinct fields, microfluidic engineering and cell/tissue biology, through which diverse human organ structures and functionalities can be built into a laboratory model that better mimics functions and responses of
in vivo
tissues and organs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the OOC technology, highlight two major designs commonly used in achieving multi-layer co-cultivation of cells, and introduce recently developed OOC models of the feto-maternal interface. As a vital component of this review, we aim to outline progress on the practicality and effectiveness of feto-maternal interface OOC (FM-OOC) models currently used and the advances they have fostered in obstetrics research. Lastly, we provide a perspective on the future basic research and clinical applications of FM-OOC models, and even those that integrate multiple organ systems into a single OOC system that may recreate intrauterine architecture in its entirety, which will accelerate our understanding of feto-maternal communication, induction of preterm labor, drug or toxicant permeability at this vital interface, and development of new therapeutic strategies.
Long-lived “memory-like” NK cells have been identified in individuals infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but little is known about how the memory-like NK cell pool is formed. Here, we have ...shown that HCMV-infected individuals have several distinct subsets of memory-like NK cells that are often deficient for multiple transcription factors and signaling proteins, including tyrosine kinase SYK, for which the reduced expression was stable over time and correlated with epigenetic modification of the gene promoter. Deficient expression of these proteins was largely confined to the recently discovered FcRγ-deficient NK cells that display enhanced antibody-dependent functional activity. Importantly, FcRγ-deficient NK cells exhibited robust preferential expansion in response to virus-infected cells (both HCMV and influenza) in an antibody-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the memory-like NK cell pool is shaped and maintained by a mechanism that involves both epigenetic modification of gene expression and antibody-dependent expansion.
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•NK cells with multiple protein deficiencies are present in HCMV-infected individuals•SYK deficiency is associated with hyper-methylation of the gene promoter•Memory-like NK cells have protein deficiencies in combination with FcRγ deficiency•FcRγ-deficient NK cells expand preferentially in an antibody-dependent manner
Long-lived “memory-like” NK cells have been identified in HCMV-infected individuals at variable frequencies, but little is known about how this NK cell pool is formed. Kim and colleagues show data that support epigenetic modifications and antibody-dependent expansion as mechanisms underlying the formation of this memory-like NK cell pool.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The use of transition-metal vanadium oxides (TMVOs) for the production of safe and low-cost aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) has not been fully explored in detail so far. The ...electrochemistry involved in multistep Zn2+ insertion/de-insertion induced by vanadium reduction/oxidation in layered α-Zn2V2O7 upon cycling has been interpreted. Layered α-Zn2V2O7 exhibits an excellent specific energy of 166 W h kg−1 and a high capacity retention of 85% after 1000 cycles at an ultra-high current drain of 4000 mA g−1.
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