The electronic kinetics of N2 triplet states A3Σu+, B3Πg, W3Δu, B'3Σu−, and C3Πu in the upper and middle atmosphere of the Earth during relativistic electron precipitation is considered. ...Intramolecular and intermolecular electron energy transfers in inelastic collisions of electronically excited molecular nitrogen with N2 and O2 molecules are taken into account in the calculations. The calculations indicate an influence of atmospheric density increase on the calculated vibrational populations of the B3Πg state. For the first time it is shown that there is a dependence of the calculated column intensity ratios of first and second positive bands on the energy of relativistic electrons. The calculated column intensity ratios I(749 nm)/I(337 nm) and I(669 nm)/I(337 nm) decrease with increasing relativistic electron energy.
Key Points
The electronic kinetics of N2 triplet states in the upper and middle atmosphere during relativistic electron precipitation is considered
Intramolecular and intermolecular electron energy transfers are taken into account in calculations of vibrational populations of the states
It is shown that there is a dependence of calculated column intensity ratios I749/I337 and I669/I337 on the energy of relativistic electrons
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Introduction. The outbreaks of the Zaire ebolavirus (ZE) disease (ZED) that have arisen in the last decade determine the need to study the infection pathogenesis, the formation of specific immunity ...forming as well as the development of effective preventive and therapeutic means. All stages of fight against the ZED spread require the experimental infection in sensitive laboratory animals, which are rhesus monkeys in case of this disease .The aim of the study is to evaluate the rhesus monkey cellular immunity following the ZE experimental infection by the means of flow cytometry (cytofluorimetry).Material and methods. Male rhesus monkeys were intramuscularly infected by the dose of 15 LD50 (dose of the pathogen that causes 50% mortality of infected animals) of the ZE, the Zaire strain (ZEBOV). Levels of 18 peripheral blood lymphocyte populations of the animals before the ZE experimental infection and at the terminal stage of the disease were assessed using flow cytometry.Results and discussion. The certain changes in the levels of the lymphocyte populations were observed following infection, indicating simultaneous activation and suppression of the immune system during ZED. The increase in content was observed for T-lymphocytes, T-helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes expressing the corresponding markers of early activation. The decrease was recorded for T-lymphocytes and double-positive T-lymphocytes expressing corresponding markers of late activation, as well as natural killer cells expressing CD8 (p 0.05).Conclusion. For the first time in the Russian Federation, the rhesus monkey cellular immunity before and after the ZE experimental infection was assessed using flow cytometry.
The article considers the production kinetics of vibrationally excited NO(X
2
Π,
> 0) molecules at heights of Earth’s middle atmosphere during the precipitation of high-energy protons. The intensity ...profiles of the luminescence of the infrared bands of nitric oxide at 5.3 and 2.7 μm were calculated for precipitation of high-energy protons into Earth’s atmosphere during the events GLE65, GLE67, GLE69, and GLE70 of the 23rd solar cycle. Calculations have shown that the highest integral luminescence intensity values of the 5.3 and 2.7 μm bands were obtained for GLE69: 5.7 and 0.18 kR (kilorayleighs), respectively. Comparison of the calculation results for the 5.3 µm band during the GLE69 event with experimental data obtained from the TIMED spacecraft on January 20, 2005, showed that the calculation results were overestimated by a factor of 2.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Based on models of the electronic kinetics of triplet and singlet states of molecular nitrogen and singlet states of molecular oxygen for the Earth’s middle atmosphere, we calculated the intensity ...profiles of the bands of the first and second positive N
2
systems, the Lyman–Birge–Hopfield N
2
bands, and the infrared O
2
bands in the case of precipitation of high-energy protons during the GLE65, GLE67, GLE69, and GLE70 events of solar cycle 23. Calculations have shown that almost over the entire interval of altitudes of 20–80 km, there is a significant contribution from the processes of quenching some electronically excited states of N
2
and O
2
during molecular collisions. The kinetics of O
2
singlet states at the altitudes of the middle atmosphere during proton precipitation is considered taking into account both direct excitation by high-energy particles and intermolecular processes of electron excitation transfer.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The mechanisms of the production of vibrationally excited NO and N2 molecules at the altitudes of the middle atmosphere of the Earth during high‐energetic proton precipitation on 20 January 2005 are ...considered. The study of vibrational populations N2(X1Σg+,v′ > 0) during high‐energetic proton precipitation has shown different principal mechanisms in the N2(X1Σg+,v′ > 0) excitation. First, the excitation by secondary electrons is principal for vibrational levels v′ = 1−10. Second, it is obtained that intramolecular electron energy transfer process in N2(A3Σu+)+N2 collisions dominates in vibrational excitation of high vibrational levels v′ = 20−30. It is shown that the chemical reaction of metastable atomic nitrogen with molecular oxygen is the main production mechanism of vibrationally excited NO(X2Π,v > 0) and of the radiation of 5.3 and 2.7 μm infrared emissions at these altitudes. The calculated intensities of the 5.3 μm emission are compared with experimental data from SABER instrument on TIMED spacecraft received at the time of the proton precipitation. The role of VV′‐processes in the radiation of 5.3 μm infrared emission is discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The luminescence-intensity profiles of the bands of the first and second positive systems of molecular nitrogen were calculated for the case of the precipitation of high-energy electrons with ...energies from 10 keV to 10 MeV into the atmosphere. The calculations showed that the contribution of the quenching of state
B
3
Π
g
N
2
increases during molecular collisions with an increase in the energy of electrons intruding into the atmosphere. This leads to a decrease in the ratio of the integrated intensities of the bands of the first and second positive systems with an increase in the energy of electrons that precipitate into the atmosphere.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Cellular immunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis and formation of protective immune defense against the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus.
The aim
of the work was to study the cellular immunity of rhesus ...monkeys applying flow cytometry after experimental infection with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus.
Materials and methods
. Male rhesus monkeys were intranasally inoculated with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, Isolate B strain and hCoV-19/Russia/SP48-1226/2020 strain (abbreviated name U-2), at a dose of 5.0 lg PFU. Using flow cytometry, the levels of 21 populations/subpopulations of mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of animals were determined before experimental infection with the pathogen and on day 14 after infection. SARS‑CoV‑2 coronavirus RNA was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Determination of the titer of virus-neutralizing antibodies to the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus in the blood sera of animals was conducted through neutralization test evaluating the ability to suppress negative colonies.
Results and discussion
. Infection with Isolate B strain culture has led to an increase in the relative content of total T-lymphocytes (p˂0.2), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (p˂0.1), as well as monocytes expressing the early activation marker CD25 (p˂0.2). The decrease in levels has been observed for total B-lymphocytes (p˂0.2) and T-helper cells (p˂0.1). Infection with the U-2 strain culture revealed an increase in the relative content of monocytes expressing the early activation marker CD25 (p˂0.2). Thus, for the first time in the Russian Federation, flow cytometry was used to study the cellular immunity of rhesus monkeys before and after experimental infection with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus. The obtained information can be used for studying the pathogenesis of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, course, and outcome of the disease, and developing strategies for vaccination and treatment.
Abstract
The electronic kinetics of N
2
triplet states A
3
Σ
u
+
, B
3
Π
g
, W
3
Δ
u
, B'
3
Σ
u
−
, and C
3
Π
u
in the upper and middle atmosphere of the Earth during relativistic electron ...precipitation is considered. Intramolecular and intermolecular electron energy transfers in inelastic collisions of electronically excited molecular nitrogen with N
2
and O
2
molecules are taken into account in the calculations. The calculations indicate an influence of atmospheric density increase on the calculated vibrational populations of the B
3
Π
g
state. For the first time it is shown that there is a dependence of the calculated column intensity ratios of first and second positive bands on the energy of relativistic electrons. The calculated column intensity ratios
I
(749 nm)/
I
(337 nm) and
I
(669 nm)/
I
(337 nm) decrease with increasing relativistic electron energy.
Key Points
The electronic kinetics of N
2
triplet states in the upper and middle atmosphere during relativistic electron precipitation is considered
Intramolecular and intermolecular electron energy transfers are taken into account in calculations of vibrational populations of the states
It is shown that there is a dependence of calculated column intensity ratios
I
749
/
I
337
and
I
669
/
I
337
on the energy of relativistic electrons
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The intensity profiles of the bands of the first and second positive N
2
systems and the infrared atmospheric and atmospheric O
2
systems were calculated based on models of the electronic kinetics of ...triplet states of molecular nitrogen and singlet states of molecular oxygen for the middle Earth’s atmosphere in the case of the precipitation of high-energy protons into the Earth’s atmosphere during the ground-level enhancement (GLE) (no. 69) on January 20, 2005. Calculations have shown that there is a significant contribution from the quenching of the B
3
Π
g
state during molecular collisions over nearly all of the considered altitude range of 20–80 km. The kinetics of O
2
singlet states at altitudes of the middle atmosphere during proton precipitation is considered. Both direct excitation by high-energy particles and intermolecular processes of electron-excitation transfer are taken into account. It is shown that the quenching of the
state during inelastic molecular collisions leads to a significant decrease in the intensities of the bands of the atmospheric system at the heights of the middle atmosphere.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
10.
Attenuation of Gravity Waves in Fast Ice Levin, B. V.; Kovalev, P. D.; Kovalev, D. P. ...
Doklady earth sciences,
02/2019, Volume:
484, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The attenuation coefficients of sea waves in ice in the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk with periods from 4 to 30 s were estimated as a function of their wavelength based on observations. We used ...the model dispersion relation for these waves in ice and calculated the theoretical attenuation coefficients. We compared them with those from the data of experiments based on the relation of the spectral energies of waves in ice-free water and in ice. It is possible to use the estimated attenuation coefficients for waves of different periods to calculate the distance of wave propagation in fast ice with the critical amplitude where ice breaking is possible.
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