Data Feminism D'Ignazio, Catherine; Klein, Lauren F
03/2020
eBook
Open access
A new way of thinking about data science and data ethics that is informed by the ideas of intersectional feminism.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from the ...MIT Libraries.
Today, data science is a form of power. It has been used to expose injustice, improve health outcomes, and topple governments. But it has also been used to discriminate, police, and surveil. This potential for good, on the one hand, and harm, on the other, makes it essential to ask: Data science by whom? Data science for whom? Data science with whose interests in mind? The narratives around big data and data science are overwhelmingly white, male, and techno-heroic. In Data Feminism, Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein present a new way of thinking about data science and data ethics—one that is informed by intersectional feminist thought.
Illustrating data feminism in action, D'Ignazio and Klein show how challenges to the male/female binary can help challenge other hierarchical (and empirically wrong) classification systems. They explain how, for example, an understanding of emotion can expand our ideas about effective data visualization, and how the concept of invisible labor can expose the significant human efforts required by our automated systems. And they show why the data never, ever “speak for themselves.”
Data Feminism offers strategies for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work toward justice, and for feminists who want to focus their efforts on the growing field of data science. But Data Feminism is about much more than gender. It is about power, about who has it and who doesn't, and about how those differentials of power can be challenged and changed.
Facing the risk of being perceived as old-fashioned and outdated, luxury brands need to seek novel ways of providing brand experiences while reaching out to both existing and new target groups. This ...study investigates the effectiveness of pop-up brand stores at addressing this challenge in the context of luxury retail. Analyzing survey data from 345 visitors of two luxury car brand pop-up stores in the US and in the UK, the study finds that pop-up brand stores' hedonic shopping value, store uniqueness, and store atmosphere increase consumers' word of mouth intentions (WOM) towards the brand. Brand experience mediates the effect of these pop-up brand store characteristics on WOM. Finally, while the link between hedonic shopping value and WOM is stronger for low levels of brand familiarity, store uniqueness exerts a stronger effect on WOM in case of high levels of brand familiarity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This essay offers seven intersectional feminist principles for equitable and actionable COVID-19 data, drawing from the authors' prior work on data feminism. Our book, Data Feminism (D'Ignazio and ...Klein, 2020), offers seven principles which suggest possible points of entry for challenging and changing power imbalances in data science. In this essay, we offer seven sets of examples, one inspired by each of our principles, for both identifying existing power imbalances with respect to the impact of the novel coronavirus and its response, and for beginning the work of change.
The efficiency of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells strongly depends on the multiscale morphology of the interpenetrating polymer–fullerene network. Understanding the molecular assembly and the ...identification of influencing parameters is essential for a systematic optimization of such devices. Here, we investigate the molecular ordering during the drying of doctor-bladed polymer–fullerene blends on PEDOT:PSS-coated substrates simultaneously using in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and laser reflectometry. In the process of blend crystallization, we observe the nucleation of well-aligned P3HT crystallites in edge-on orientation at the interface at the instant when P3HT solubility is crossed. A comparison of the real-time GIXD study at ternary blends with the binary phase diagrams of the drying blend film gives evidence of strong polymer–fullerene interactions that impede the crystal growth of PCBM, resulting in the aggregation of PCBM in the final drying stage. A systematic dependence of the film roughness on the drying time after crossing P3HT solubility has been shown. The highest efficiencies have been observed for slow drying at low temperatures which showed the strongest P3HT interchain π–π-ordering along the substrate surface. By adding the “unfriendly” solvent cyclohexanone to a chlorobenzene solution of P3HT:PCBM, the solubility can be crossed prior to the drying process. Such solutions exhibit randomly orientated crystalline structures in the freshly cast film which results in a large crystalline orientation distribution in the dry film that has been shown to be beneficial for solar cell performance.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The promoter effect of alkali causes an increased 1-alkene selectivity, a slightly increased reaction rate, an increased growth probability of hydrocarbons and an increased resistance against ...oxidation by water. These effects are interpreted by a novel hypothesis of the reaction mechanism of F.T.-synthesis.
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The promoter effect of alkali on Fischer-Tropsch iron catalysts causes an increased 1-alkene selectivity, a slightly increased reaction rate, an increased growth probability of hydrocarbon chains and also an increased resistance against oxidation of iron by the reaction product water. Experiments are presented which show that for cobalt catalysts alkali addition also leads to increased 1-alkene selectivity. However, the reaction rate is markedly reduced.
The effect on the 1-alkene selectivity is without doubt due to increased adsorption strength of carbon monoxide causing an enhanced displacement of 1-alkenes while the propensity towards hydrogenation is hardly reduced. For iron catalysts the 1-alkene selectivity increases in the turn of Li, Na, K, Cs. With respect to the bimodal Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution the strong effect on the growth probability
α
2 is independent of the nature of the alkali cation while the fraction
f
2 of the distribution that is characterized by
α
2 increases in the turn Li, Na, K, and Cs.
These strong promoter effects are interpreted on the basis of a novel mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis whereby the alkali cation takes part in the catalytic circle.
Finally an analogy of the promoter effect of alkali on iron for the ammonia synthesis and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is suggested.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Talc formation via silica‐metasomatism of ultramafic rocks is believed to play key roles in subduction zone processes. Yet, the conditions of talc formation remain poorly constrained. We used ...thermodynamic reaction‐path models to assess the formation of talc at the slab‐mantle interface and show that it is restricted to a limited set of pressure–temperature conditions, protolith, and fluid compositions. In contrast, our models predict that chlorite formation is ubiquitous at conditions relevant to the slab‐mantle interface of subduction zones. The scarcity of talc and abundance of chlorite is evident in the rock record of exhumed subduction zone terranes. Talc formation during Si‐metasomatism may thus play a more limited role in volatile cycling, strain localization, and in controlling the decoupling‐coupling transition of the plate interface. Conversely, the observed and predicted ubiquity of chlorite corroborates its prominent role in slab‐mantle interface processes that previous studies attributed to talc.
Plain Language Summary
In subduction zones, talc can form during chemical reactions of mantle rocks with silica‐enriched fluids at the interface between descending oceanic plates and the overriding mantle. Its formation and distribution in subduction zones are believed to affect the volatile budget, rheological properties, and the down‐dip limit of the decoupling of the slab‐mantle interface. Therefore, illuminating the conditions that facilitate talc formation at high pressure‐temperature conditions is key in assessing its roles in fundamental subduction zone processes. Using thermodynamic reaction‐path models, we show that the formation of talc at the slab‐mantle interface is restricted to a limited set of environmental conditions, because its formation is highly sensitive to the compositions of the mantle rocks and reactant fluids. Contrary to common belief, talc is unlikely to form in high abundance in ultramafic rocks metasomatized by Si‐rich slab‐derived fluids. Rather, our models predict the ubiquitous formation of chlorite along with other silicate minerals during Si‐metasomatism due to the competing effects from other dissolved components that favor their formation over talc. This study calls into question the importance of talc during Si‐metasomatism in subduction zones but highlights the more predominant role of chlorite.
Key Points
Limited talc formation by Si‐metasomatism of ultramafic rocks in subduction zones
Chlorite formation is likely pervasive at the slab‐mantle interface
Preferential formation of chlorite has wide‐ranging chemical and physical implications for subduction zone processes
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Functional connectivity analyses of resting-state fMRI data are rapidly emerging as highly efficient and powerful tools for in vivo mapping of functional networks in the brain, referred to as ...intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs). Despite a burgeoning literature, researchers continue to struggle with the challenge of defining computationally efficient and reliable approaches for identifying and characterizing ICNs. Independent component analysis (ICA) has emerged as a powerful tool for exploring ICNs in both healthy and clinical populations. In particular, temporal concatenation group ICA (TC-GICA) coupled with a back-reconstruction step produces participant-level resting state functional connectivity maps for each group-level component. The present work systematically evaluated the test–retest reliability of TC-GICA derived RSFC measures over the short-term (<45 min) and long-term (5–16 months). Additionally, to investigate the degree to which the components revealed by TC-GICA are detectable via single-session ICA, we investigated the reproducibility of TC-GICA findings. First, we found moderate-to-high short- and long-term test–retest reliability for ICNs derived by combining TC-GICA and dual regression. Exceptions to this finding were limited to physiological- and imaging-related artifacts. Second, our reproducibility analyses revealed notable limitations for template matching procedures to accurately detect TC-GICA based components at the individual scan level. Third, we found that TC-GICA component's reliability and reproducibility ranks are highly consistent. In summary, TC-GICA combined with dual regression is an effective and reliable approach to exploratory analyses of resting state fMRI data.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The human brain is a complex dynamic system capable of generating a multitude of oscillatory waves in support of brain function. Using fMRI, we examined the amplitude of spontaneous low-frequency ...oscillations (LFO) observed in the human resting brain and the test–retest reliability of relevant amplitude measures. We confirmed prior reports that gray matter exhibits higher LFO amplitude than white matter. Within gray matter, the largest amplitudes appeared along mid-brain structures associated with the “default-mode” network. Additionally, we found that high-amplitude LFO activity in specific brain regions was reliable across time. Furthermore, parcellation-based results revealed significant and highly reliable ranking orders of LFO amplitudes among anatomical parcellation units. Detailed examination of individual low frequency bands showed distinct spatial profiles. Intriguingly, LFO amplitudes in the slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz) band, as defined by Buzsáki et al., were most robust in the basal ganglia, as has been found in spontaneous electrophysiological recordings in the awake rat. These results suggest that amplitude measures of LFO can contribute to further between-group characterization of existing and future “resting-state” fMRI datasets.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Diagnostics are essential for controlling the pandemic. Identifying a reliable and fast diagnostic device is needed for effective testing. We assessed performance and ease-of-use of the Abbott PanBio ...antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT).
This prospective, multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study enrolled at two sites in Germany. Following routine testing with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a second study-exclusive swab was performed for Ag-RDT testing. Routine swabs were nasopharyngeal (NP) or combined NP/oropharyngeal (OP) whereas the study-exclusive swabs were NP. To evaluate performance, sensitivity and specificity were assessed overall and in predefined sub-analyses accordingly to cycle-threshold values, days after symptom onset, disease severity and study site. Additionally, an ease-of-use assessment (EoU) and System Usability Scale (SUS) were performed.
1108 participants were enrolled between Sept 28 and Oct 30, 2020. Of these, 106 (9.6%) were PCR-positive. The Abbott PanBio detected 92/106 PCR-positive participants with a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI: 79.0% - 92.0%) and a specificity of 99.9% (95% CI: 99.4%-100%). The sub-analyses indicated that sensitivity was 95.8% in Ct-values <25 and within the first seven days from symptom onset. The test was characterized as easy to use (SUS: 86/100) and considered suitable for point-of-care settings.
The Abbott PanBio Ag-RDT performs well for SARS-CoV-2 testing in this large manufacturer independent study, confirming its WHO recommendation for Emergency Use in settings with limited resources.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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