Abstract
Land surface subsidence due to excessive groundwater pumping is an increasing concern in California, USA. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique for ...measuring centimeter-to-millimeter surface deformation at 10–100 m spatial resolution. Here, a data-driven approach that attributes deformation to individual depth intervals within an aquifer system by integrating head data acquired from each of three screened intervals in a monitoring well with InSAR surface deformation measurements was developed. The study area was the Colusa Basin in northern Central Valley. To reconstruct the surface deformation history over the study area, 13 ALOS-PALSAR scenes acquired between 2006 and 2010 were processed. Up to ~3-cm year
−1
long-term subsidence and up to ~6 cm seasonal subsidence were observed using the InSAR technique. The technique developed in this paper integrates the InSAR-observed seasonal deformation rate and the co-located head measurements in multiple depth intervals to estimate the elastic skeletal storage coefficient, the time delay between the head change and the observed deformation, and subsequently the deformation of each depth interval. This technique can be implemented when hydraulic head measurements within each depth interval are not correlated with each other. Using this approach, the depth interval that contributed the most to the total subsidence, as well as storage parameters for all intervals, are estimated. The technique can be used for identification of the depth interval within the aquifer system responsible for deformation.
Résumé
L'affaissement des terrains dû au pompage excessif des eaux souterraines est une préoccupation croissante en Californie, aux États-Unis d’Amérique. Le radar interférométrique à synthèse d'ouverture (InSAR) est une technique de télédétection qui permet de mesurer des déformations de surface de l'ordre du centimètre ou du millimètre avec une résolution spatiale de 10 à 100 mètres. Nous avons développé ici une approche basée sur les données qui attribue la déformation à des intervalles de profondeur individuels dans un système aquifère en intégrant les données de charge hydraulique acquises à partir de chacun des trois intervalles filtrés dans un puits de surveillance avec les mesures de déformation de surface InSAR. La zone d'étude était le bassin de Colusa dans le nord de la Central Valley. Pour reconstruire l'historique de la déformation de la surface dans la zone d'étude, 13 scènes ALOS-PALSAR acquises entre 2006 et 2010 ont été traitées. La technique InSAR a permis d'observer une subsidence à long terme allant jusqu'à ~3 cm par an-1 et une subsidence saisonnière allant jusqu'à ~6 cm. La technique développée dans cet article intègre le taux de déformation saisonnier observé par InSAR et les mesures de la charge hydraulique co-localisées dans de multiples intervalles de profondeur pour estimer le coefficient de stockage du squelette élastique, le délai entre le changement de charge hydraulique et la déformation observée, et par la suite la déformation de chaque intervalle de profondeur. Cette technique peut être mise en œuvre lorsque les mesures de la charge hydraulique dans chaque intervalle de profondeur ne sont pas corrélées entre elles. En utilisant cette approche, l'intervalle de profondeur qui a le plus contribué à la subsidence totale, ainsi que les paramètres de stockage pour tous les intervalles, sont estimés. Cette technique peut être utilisée pour identifier l'intervalle de profondeur dans le système aquifère responsable de la déformation.
Resumen
La subsidencia de la superficie del terreno debida al excesivo bombeo de aguas subterráneas es una preocupación creciente en California (Estados Unidos). El radar de apertura sintética interferométrica (InSAR) es una técnica de teledetección que permite medir la deformación de la superficie de centímetros a milímetros con una resolución espacial de 10 a 100 metros. En este caso, se desarrolló un enfoque basado en datos que atribuye la deformación a intervalos de profundidad individuales dentro de un sistema acuífero mediante la integración de los datos de altura adquiridos a partir de cada uno de los tres intervalos de cribado en un pozo de monitoreo con las mediciones de deformación superficial InSAR. El área de estudio fue la cuenca de Colusa, en el norte del Valle Central. Para reconstruir la historia de la deformación superficial sobre el área de estudio, se procesaron 13 escenas ALOS-PALSAR adquiridas entre 2006 y 2010. Se observaron hasta ~3 cm anuales de subsidencia a largo plazo y hasta ~6 cm de subsidencia estacional mediante la técnica InSAR. La técnica desarrollada en este trabajo integra la tasa de deformación estacional observada por InSAR y las mediciones de altura en múltiples intervalos de profundidad para estimar el coeficiente de almacenamiento elástico del esqueleto, el tiempo de retardo entre el cambio de altura y la deformación observada, y posteriormente la deformación de cada intervalo de profundidad. Esta técnica puede aplicarse cuando las mediciones de la carga hidráulica dentro de cada intervalo de profundidad no están correlacionadas entre sí. Utilizando este enfoque, se estima el intervalo de profundidad que más ha contribuido a la subsidencia total, así como los parámetros de almacenamiento de todos los intervalos. La técnica puede utilizarse para identificar el intervalo de profundidad dentro del sistema acuífero responsable de la deformación.
摘要
过度开采地下水导致地面沉降现象在美国加利福尼亚州日益受到关注。干涉合成孔径雷达 (InSAR) 是一种遥感技术, 可在10-100 m 空间分辨率监测到厘米到毫米的地表变形。本文开发了数据驱动的方法, 通过结合监测井中三个滤管范围采集的水头数据与 InSAR 表面变形测量数据, 将变形分解为含水层的不同深度。研究区域是北部中央山谷的Colusa盆地。为了重建研究区的地表变形历史, 处理了 2006 至 2010 年的 13 景 ALOS-PALSAR数据。使用 InSAR 技术观察到高达 每年~3 cm 的长期沉降和高达 ~6 cm 的季节性沉降。本文开发的技术将 InSAR 观测到的季节性变形率和多个深度范围的同层水头测量相结合, 以估计弹性骨架储存系数、水头变化与观察到的变形之间的时间延迟, 以及随后不同深度的变形。当不同深度的水头测量值彼此不相关时, 可以利用该技术。使用这种方法, 估计对总沉降贡献最大的深度范围, 以及不同深度的储存参数。该技术可用于识别含水层内不同深度的变形。
Resumo
A subsidência da superfície da terra devido ao bombeamento excessivo de água subterrânea é uma preocupação crescente na Califórnia, EUA. O radar de abertura sintética interferométrica (InSAR) é uma técnica de sensoriamento remoto para medir a deformação da superfície de centímetro a milímetro com resolução espacial de 10–100 m. Aqui, foi desenvolvida uma abordagem baseada em dados que atribui a deformação a intervalos de profundidade individuais dentro de um sistema de aquífero, integrando dados de carga hidráulica adquiridos de cada um dos três intervalos selecionados em um poço de monitoramento com medições de deformação de superfície InSAR. A área de estudo foi a Bacia de Colusa no norte do Vale Central. Para reconstruir a história da deformação superficial sobre a área de estudo, 13 cenas ALOS-PALSAR adquiridas entre 2006 e 2010 foram processadas. Até ~3 cm ano-1 subsidência de longo prazo e até ~6 cm subsidência sazonal foram observados usando a técnica InSAR. A técnica desenvolvida neste artigo integra a taxa de deformação sazonal observada pelo InSAR e as medições da carga hidráulica colocalizada em vários intervalos de profundidade para estimar o coeficiente de armazenamento estrutural elástico, o atraso de tempo entre a mudança da carga hidráulica e a deformação observada e, subsequentemente, a deformação de cada intervalo de profundidade. Esta técnica pode ser implementada quando as medições de carga hidráulica dentro de cada intervalo de profundidade não estão correlacionadas entre si. Usando essa abordagem, o intervalo de profundidade que mais contribuiu para a subsidência total, bem como os parâmetros de armazenamento para todos os intervalos, são estimados. A técnica pode ser usada para identificar o intervalo de profundidade dentro do sistema aquífero responsável pela deformação.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a radar remote sensing technique for measuring surface deformation to millimeter‐level accuracy at meter‐scale resolution. Obtaining accurate ...deformation measurements in agricultural regions is difficult because the signal is often decorrelated due to vegetation growth. We present here a new algorithm for retrieving InSAR deformation measurements over areas with severe vegetation decorrelation using adaptive phase interpolation between persistent scatterer (PS) pixels, those points at which surface scattering properties do not change much over time and thus decorrelation artifacts are minimal. We apply this algorithm to L‐band ALOS interferograms acquired over the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and the Tulare Basin, California. In both areas, the pumping of groundwater for irrigation results in deformation of the land that can be detected using InSAR. We show that the PS‐based algorithm can significantly reduce the artifacts due to vegetation decorrelation while preserving the deformation signature.
Key Points
InSAR deformation measurements can be used to monitor groundwater levels in confined aquifers
Decorrelation over vegetated areas limits the accuracy of InSAR deformation measurements
Persistent scatterer techniques can be employed to correct vegetation decorrelation artifacts
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We conducted a laboratory study to measure the effect of magnetite concentration and grain size on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation rates of sand mixtures and to determine the ...dominant mechanism by which relaxation occurs. We measured mixtures of quartz and three different forms of magnetite: a powdered synthetic magnetite; a small-grained, natural magnetite; and a large-grained, natural magnetite. The powdered synthetic magnetite was mixed with quartz in five concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 1.4% magnetite by weight; both sizes of natural magnetite were mixed with quartz in concentrations of 1 and 2% magnetite by weight. The NMR response of the water-saturated samples was measured and used to calculate four averaged relaxation rates for each magnetite concentration: the total mean log, bulk fluid, surface, and diffusion relaxation rates. The results of this study show that: 1) surface relaxation was the dominant relaxation mechanism for all samples except the powdered synthetic magnetite sample containing 1.4% magnetite; 2) the surface relaxivity is a function of the fraction of the surface area in the sample composed of magnetite; 3) there is no clear dependence of the diffusion relaxation rate on the concentration of magnetite.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Background
Long-term kidney allograft survival has remained unchanged in recent years despite immunosuppressive and surgical advances. Ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury sustained at transplantation ...contributes to kidney damage that limits allograft lifespan. Interventions to reduce IR injury may prolong graft life, delaying the need for a return to dialysis. Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC), in which brief episodes of non-lethal ischaemia applied to the limb activate a systemic protective reflex against subsequent damaging IR injury, has been reported to cause cardiac, renal and neurological protection in small-scale trials.
Objectives
The REmote preconditioning for Protection Against Ischaemia–Reperfusion in renal transplantation (REPAIR) trial investigated whether RIPC improves kidney function and other outcomes following living-donor renal transplantation.
Design
Multicentre, multinational, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial designed randomised controlled trial.
Setting
Thirteen tertiary care hospitals in the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
Participants
The REPAIR trial recruited 406 live donor–recipient pairs aged ≥ 18 years. Patients on adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel opening or blocking drugs, on ciclosporin, with a known iodine sensitivity or with ABO incompatibility or those requiring human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibody removal therapy were excluded.
Interventions
Each pair was randomised using a factorial design to one of four groups: sham RIPC, early RIPC (immediately before surgery), late RIPC (24 hours before surgery) and dual RIPC (early and late RIPC). The donor and recipient received the same intervention (active RIPC or sham RIPC) at the two time points.
Main outcome measures
The primary outcome was glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 12 months after transplantation measured by iohexol clearance. Important secondary outcomes were estimated GFR (eGFR) (using routine clinical assessment), safety, inflammatory cytokine profile and biological mechanisms.
Results
In total, 406 donor–recipient pairs were randomised: 99 to sham RIPC, 102 to early RIPC, 103 to late RIPC and 102 to dual RIPC. Early RIPC resulted in a small but clinically important increase in iohexol GFR (ml/minute/1.73 m
2
) at 12 months, although the evidence is weak 58.3 vs. 55.9; adjusted difference 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) –0.89 to 7.04;
p
= 0.13, likely because of the higher than expected variability in the iohexol measurements. There was stronger evidence for a treatment effect when eGFR was used and missing values imputed (adjusted difference 3.41, 95% CI –0.21 to 7.04;
p
= 0.065) and when eGFR was used to assess kidney function (adjusted difference 4.98, 95% CI 1.13 to 8.29;
p
= 0.011). Late RIPC had no effect on renal outcomes, there was no benefit of combining early and late RIPC and RIPC had no effect on the inflammatory response to surgery. RIPC was safe and well tolerated by recipients and donors.
Conclusions
RIPC is a safe intervention in living-donor transplantation. The evidence for an effect of RIPC on GFR (primary outcome) was weak, but other measures of GFR (in our secondary analysis) provided persuasive evidence of a clinically meaningful improvement in kidney function after transplantation. Future work should investigate the role of RIPC in deceased-donor kidney transplantation.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN30083294.
Funding
This project was funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research partnership.
We have investigated the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GFR) as a means of characterizing the heterogeneity of the subsurface. Radar data were collected at several sites in southwestern British ...Columbia underlain by glaciodeltaic sediments. A cliff face study was conducted in which geostatistical analysis of a digitized photograph of the face and the radar image of the face showed excellent agreement in the maximum correlation direction and the correlation length determined from these two data sets. Other two‐dimensional (2‐D) sections of radar data were divided into sedimentary architectural elements on the basis of the distinct radar appearance of these sedimentary units. Examples of four sedimentary units were used to obtain semivariograms from the radar data and resulted in maximum correlation lengths between 0.5 and 4.8 m. A 3‐D radar survey, collected over a package of gravel and sand foresets, was analyzed to determine the paleoflow direction; a correlation length of 4 m was found in that direction.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
There is increasing use, throughout the world, of groundwater as the primary source of freshwater. The evaluation and management of this resource requires information about the extent and ...connectivity of groundwater aquifers, the contained volume of producible water, the changes in stored water, and the processes that can impact the quantity and/or quality of the water. Such information is required at a density of spatial and temporal sampling best provided by various forms of geophysical data. For the past decade, we have been working in partnerships with groundwater districts and managers to advance the use of geophysical methods as a central component of groundwater evaluation and management. Examples include the use of surface and logging nuclear magnetic resonance to estimate water content and hydraulic conductivity, electrical resistivity tomography for imaging saltwater intrusion along the California coast, and satellite InSAR data for estimating changing hydraulic head levels in confined aquifers in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Such examples illustrate the tremendous potential for - and need for - geophysical methods to ensure the long-term health of our groundwater resources.
Securing and managing finances for multicentre randomised controlled trials is a highly complex activity which is rarely considered in the research literature. This paper describes the process of ...financial negotiation and the impact of financial considerations in four UK multicentre trials. These trials had met, or were on schedule to meet, recruitment targets agreed with their public-sector funders. The trials were considered within a larger study examining factors which might be associated with trial recruitment (STEPS).
In-depth semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted in 2003-04 with 45 individuals with various responsibilities to one of the four trials. Interviewees were recruited through purposive and then snowball sampling. Interview transcripts were analysed with the assistance of the qualitative package Atlas-ti.
The data suggest that the UK system of dividing funds into research, treatment and NHS support costs brought the trial teams into complicated negotiations with multiple funders. The divisions were somewhat malleable and the funding system was used differently in each trial. The fact that all funders had the potential to influence and shape the trials considered here was an important issue as the perspectives of applicants and funders could diverge. The extent and range of industry involvement in non-industry-led trials was striking. Three broad periods of financial work (foundation, maintenance, and resourcing completion) were identified. From development to completion of a trial, the trialists had to be resourceful and flexible, adapting to changing internal and external circumstances. In each period, trialists and collaborators could face changing costs and challenges. Each trial extended the recruitment period; three required funding extensions from MRC or HTA.
This study highlights complex financial aspects of planning and conducting trials, especially where multiple funders are involved. Recognition of the importance of financial stability and of the need for appropriate training in this area should be paralleled by further similar research with a broader range of trials, aimed at understanding and facilitating the conduct of clinical research.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The 1H NMR spin–lattice relaxation time, T1, of saturated sands depended on the chemistry of the pore fluid, pore size distribution, and relaxivity of the surface. In the absence of paramagnetic ...impurities, surface relaxivities of quartz sand and silica gel samples of known porosity and surface area at any pH were lower than any previously reported values. Relaxation rate of the bulk pore fluid increased linearly with increasing Fe(III) concentration and varied with speciation of the ion. With only 0.01% of the silica surface sites occupied by sorbed Fe(III) ions, surface relaxivity increased by an order of magnitude. In addition, low concentrations of Fe(III)-bearing solid phases present as surface coatings or as separate mineral grains increased surface relaxation as much as two orders of magnitude. We believe that observations of relatively constant surface relaxivity in rocks by previous researchers were the result of consistently high surface concentrations of paramagnetic materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Pharmaceutical expenditure is rising globally. Most high-income countries have exercised pricing or purchasing strategies to address this pressure. Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), however, ...usually have less regulated pharmaceutical markets and often lack feasible pricing or purchasing strategies, notwithstanding their wish to effectively manage medicine budgets. In highincome countries, most medicines payments are made by the state or health insurance institutions. In LMICs, most pharmaceutical expenditure is out-ofpocket which creates a different dynamic for policy enforcement. The paucity of rigorous studies on the effectiveness of pharmaceutical pricing and purchasing strategies makes it especially difficult for policy makers in LMICs to decide on a course of action. This article reviews published articles on pharmaceutical pricing and purchasing policies. Many policy options for medicine pricing and purchasing have been found to work but they also have attendant risks. No one option is decisively preferred; rather a mix of options may be required based on country-specific context. Empirical studies in LMICs are lacking. However, risks from any one policy option can reasonably be argued to be greater in LMICs which often lack strong legal systems, purchasing and state institutions to underpin the healthcare system. Key factors are identified to assist LMICs improve their medicine pricing and purchasing systems
Au niveau mondial, les dépenses pharmaceutiques sont en hausse. La plupart des pays à haut revenu ont appliqué des stratégies en matière de prix et d’approvisionnement pour répondre à cette pression. Les pays à faible et moyen revenu (LMIC) ont toutefois des marchés pharmaceutiques moins régulés et manquent d’une stratégie de fixation des prix et d’approvisionnement, nonobstant leurs voeux à gérer les budgets de santé de façon plus efficace. Dans les pays à haut revenu, la plupart des frais médicaux sont pris en charge par l’Etat ou par des assurances de santé. Dans les LMIC, toute dépense de santé est directement imputée au porte-monnaie créant une dynamique différente pour la mise en place de mesures. Le manque d’études sérieuses sur l’efficacité des stratégies en matière de prix et d’approvisionnement rend particulièrement difficile, pour les législateurs des LMIC, le choix d’un cap à suivre. Nous avons analysé les articles publiés sur les mesures prises concernant les prix et l’approvisionnement dans le secteur pharmaceutique. Un certain nombre d’options politiques ont prouvé qu’elles fonctionnent mais qu’il existe aussi des risques. Aucune mesure n’est résolument préférée, il s’agirait plutôt d’un mixte des différentes mesures prenant en compte la situation de chaque pays. Il y a un vrai manque d’études empiriques dans les LMIC. Malgré tout, les risques de chaque mesure peuvent être facilement amplifiés dans les LMIC qui manquent souvent d’un système légal solide et d’institutions d’Etat pour soutenir le système de santé. Des éléments clés sont identifiés pour assister les LMIC dans l’amélioration des systèmes en matière de prix et d’approvisionnement de médicaments.
药品支出正在经历全球性增长。大多数高收入国家采取定价 和采购策略来应付药品支出增长带来的压力。尽管低等以及 中等收入国家希望有效地管理医疗财政，但这些国家对药品 市场的监管相对较弱，同时缺乏可行的药品定价和采购策 略。在高收入国家中，医药费用大多由国家或者医疗保险机 构支付。在低等以及中等收入国家中，高额的药品支出对政 策的执行造就了一种不同动态。正是由于对药品定价和采购 策略的有效性缺乏严谨的研究，低等以及中等收入国家中的 政策制定者很难去制定行动方针。本文回顾有关药品定价和 采购政策的发表文章。很多有关药品定价和采购的政策选择 被检测有效，但是这些政策同样存在随之而来的风险。不存 在绝对完美的单一选择；一系列的政策选择应该基于该国家 特殊的环境。在低等以及中等收入国家中缺乏相关的实证研 究。但是在低等以及中等收入国家中，那些缺乏强有力的法 律系统、采购机制以及国家机构来巩固医疗系统的国家在选 择任何一种政策的时候都无疑会面临更大的风险。我们识别 了关键的因素从而帮助低等以及中等收入国家改善他们的药 品定价和采购系统。
El gasto farmacéutico está aumentando a nivel mundial. La mayoría de los países de altos ingresos ha ejercido estrategias de fijación de precios o de compra para hacer frente a esta presión. Los países de ingresos bajos y medios (PIBMs), sin embargo, usualmente tienen mercados farmacéuticos menos regulados y a menudo carecen de estrategias viables de fijación de precios o de compra, a pesar de su deseo de manejar eficientemente los presupuestos de la medicina. En los países de ingresos altos, la mayoría de los pagos de medicinas son hechos por las instituciones del Estado o de seguros de salud. En los PIBMs, la mayor parte del gasto farmacéutico es de bolsillo lo que crea una dinámica diferente para la aplicación de las políticas. La escasez de estudios rigurosos sobre la efectividad de las estrategias de fijación de precios y de compra de productos farmacéuticos hace que sea especialmente difícil para los responsables políticos en los PIBMs decidir sobre como proceder. Este artículo analiza los artículos publicados sobre las políticas de fijación de precios y compra de productos farmacéuticos. Se han encontrado muchas opciones de políticas de fijación de precios y compras de medicinas que funcionan, pero tienen también riesgos relacionados. No se prefiere solo una opción definitivamente; en cambio puede ser necesaria una mezcla de opciones en función del contexto específico del país. Faltan estudios empíricos en los PIBMs. Sin embargo, se puede argumentar razonablemente que los riesgos de cualquier opción de política pueden ser mayores en PIBMs ya que a menudo carecen de sistemas legales fuertes, y de instituciones estatales y de compra que apoyen el sistema de salud. Los factores claves para ayudar a los PIBMs a mejorar sus sistemas de fijación de precio y compra de medicinas son identificados.
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Land surface subsidence due to excessive groundwater pumping is an increasing concern in California, USA. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique for measuring ...centimeter-to-millimeter surface deformation at 10–100 m spatial resolution. Here, a data-driven approach that attributes deformation to individual depth intervals within an aquifer system by integrating head data acquired from each of three screened intervals in a monitoring well with InSAR surface deformation measurements was developed. The study area was the Colusa Basin in northern Central Valley. To reconstruct the surface deformation history over the study area, 13 ALOS-PALSAR scenes acquired between 2006 and 2010 were processed. Up to ~3-cm year
−1
long-term subsidence and up to ~6 cm seasonal subsidence were observed using the InSAR technique. The technique developed in this paper integrates the InSAR-observed seasonal deformation rate and the co-located head measurements in multiple depth intervals to estimate the elastic skeletal storage coefficient, the time delay between the head change and the observed deformation, and subsequently the deformation of each depth interval. This technique can be implemented when hydraulic head measurements within each depth interval are not correlated with each other. Using this approach, the depth interval that contributed the most to the total subsidence, as well as storage parameters for all intervals, are estimated. The technique can be used for identification of the depth interval within the aquifer system responsible for deformation.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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