High temperatures during the grain‐filling period (GFP) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) increase the grain dry matter increase rate (GIR), but this increase in GIR is insufficient to completely compensate ...for the concomitant reduced GFP, and as a result, grain yield decreases. The shortfall in GIR as temperatures increase has been believed to signify a reduction of the potential GIR as a sink capacity. However, we suspect that lack of assimilate supply to the grain, rather than the decreased potential GIR, lowers the GIR and causes reduced grain weight. Our objective was to determine if the grain weight could reach full potential under higher temperature conditions if assimilate supply during the GFP was sufficient to sustain the increased GIR. Rice was grown at three locations in western Japan over 3 yr. At one location, plots were covered with plastic film during the GFP to increase temperature. Spikelet filling percentages (F%) at maturity varied between 70 and 90% when mean temperatures ranged between 23 and 29°C during the GFP. When plots were thinned to half density during GFP, all F% were approximated by a single logistic equation based on accumulated temperature, with a ceiling of 90%. Hence, thinning can overcome the lower F%. These results suggest that potential GIR in rice is not reduced by high temperatures during the GFP. Yield reductions commonly associated with such conditions are likely due to the failure of assimilate supply to the grain to meet the requirements of the accelerated GIR.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The CD27 molecule is expressed on a portion of natural killer (NK) cells as well as T and B cells. To provide the functional capacity of CD27 molecule on NK cells, we here highly purified CD3⁻ CD56⁺ ...NK cells by flow cytometry (purity >98%), and investigated their NK cell activity via CD27/CD70 interaction using a CD70‐transfectant by a 4h ⁵¹Cr‐release assay. The enhancement of NK activity by purified NK cells in the presence of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) or interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) against CD70/Nalm‐6 was not recognized as compared to against mock/Nalm‐6. However, after a coculture with the fixed CD70/300‐19, the purified NK cells increased the NK cell activity against K562, the value being 10 to 20% higher than coculture with the mock/300‐19 in the presence of IL‐2 or IL‐12. The enhancement of NK activity was blocked by the addition of anti‐CD70 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In addition, conjugation of NK cells to the target was increased by coculture with the CD70/300‐19 without increased expression of adhesion molecules. In the parallel experiment, there was no increase in the killing capacity of NK cells. These results strongly show that CD27/CD70 interaction directly enhances NK activity in the presence of IL‐2 or IL‐12 by increasing the effector and target conjugate formation, indicating that CD27/CD70 interaction plays an important role in the cytotoxic function of NK cells.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To generate dynamic pressure precisely at low- and medium-pressure levels and in a low-frequency range, we have developed a square-wave pressure generator using a novel rotating valve. The main ...features of the valve are chambers in the rotor and grooves inside the stator. Pressurized air from two sources is continuously supplied to each chamber through the grooves. The valve switches the pressure alternately by its rotation, producing square-wave pressure. The amplitude and fundamental frequency of the generated pressure can be changed arbitrarily. The measured waveform is a periodic well-shaped square wave. The experimental results show that the repeatability of the system is good for a dynamic pressure source.
Abstract
The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using
$$19.7(16.3)\times 10^{20}$$
19.7
(
16.3
)
×
10
20
protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at ...the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional
$$4.7\times 10^{20}$$
4.7
×
10
20
POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on
$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$
sin
2
θ
13
and the impact of priors on the
$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}$$
δ
CP
measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of
$$\sin ^2\theta _{23}$$
sin
2
θ
23
with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on
$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$
sin
2
θ
13
from reactors,
$$\sin ^2\theta _{23}=0.561^{+0.021}_{-0.032}$$
sin
2
θ
23
=
0
.
561
-
0.032
+
0.021
using Feldman–Cousins corrected intervals, and
$$\varDelta {}m^2_{32}=2.494_{-0.058}^{+0.041}\times 10^{-3}~\text {eV}^2$$
Δ
m
32
2
=
2
.
494
-
0.058
+
0.041
×
10
-
3
eV
2
using constant
$$\varDelta \chi ^{2}$$
Δ
χ
2
intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to
$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}=-1.97_{-0.70}^{+0.97}$$
δ
CP
=
-
1
.
97
-
0.70
+
0.97
using Feldman–Cousins corrected intervals, and
$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}=0,\pi $$
δ
CP
=
0
,
π
is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than
$$2\sigma $$
2
σ
credible level using a flat prior in
$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}},$$
δ
CP
,
and just below
$$2\sigma $$
2
σ
using a flat prior in
$$\sin \delta _{\textrm{CP}}.$$
sin
δ
CP
.
When the external constraint on
$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$
sin
2
θ
13
is removed,
$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}=28.0^{+2.8}_{-6.5}\times 10^{-3},$$
sin
2
θ
13
=
28
.
0
-
6.5
+
2.8
×
10
-
3
,
in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sphingomonas paucimobilis KPS01, an oligotrophic bacterium isolated from soil, may be a useful tool for monitoring heavy metals. Previous methods relying on counting of viable cells require a ...relatively long time and some skill; we have developed a method based on optical density (O.D.) measurements which is significantly faster and does not require skilled personnel. The results of the O.D. and viable count methods were consistent; both methods detected heavy metals at concentrations ranging from 10-3 to 10-5 mmol l-1 and identified heavy metal contamination in 13 of 18 river water samples. Our results demonstrate that biological detection using this O.D. method and S. paucimobilis KPS01 may be useful for routine environmental monitoring of heavy metals, particularly in water sources.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using
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\begin{document}$$19.7(16.3)\times 10^{20}$$\end{document}
19.7
(
16.3
)
×
10
20
protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional
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\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\begin{document}$$4.7\times 10^{20}$$\end{document}
4.7
×
10
20
POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$\end{document}
sin
2
θ
13
and the impact of priors on the
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\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
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\begin{document}$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}$$\end{document}
δ
CP
measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
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\begin{document}$$\sin ^2\theta _{23}$$\end{document}
sin
2
θ
23
with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on
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\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\begin{document}$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$\end{document}
sin
2
θ
13
from reactors,
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\begin{document}$$\sin ^2\theta _{23}=0.561^{+0.021}_{-0.032}$$\end{document}
sin
2
θ
23
=
0
.
561
-
0.032
+
0.021
using Feldman–Cousins corrected intervals, and
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\varDelta {}m^2_{32}=2.494_{-0.058}^{+0.041}\times 10^{-3}~\text {eV}^2$$\end{document}
Δ
m
32
2
=
2
.
494
-
0.058
+
0.041
×
10
-
3
eV
2
using constant
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\varDelta \chi ^{2}$$\end{document}
Δ
χ
2
intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}=-1.97_{-0.70}^{+0.97}$$\end{document}
δ
CP
=
-
1
.
97
-
0.70
+
0.97
using Feldman–Cousins corrected intervals, and
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}}=0,\pi $$\end{document}
δ
CP
=
0
,
π
is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$2\sigma $$\end{document}
2
σ
credible level using a flat prior in
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\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\delta _{\textrm{CP}},$$\end{document}
δ
CP
,
and just below
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\begin{document}$$2\sigma $$\end{document}
2
σ
using a flat prior in
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\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\sin \delta _{\textrm{CP}}.$$\end{document}
sin
δ
CP
.
When the external constraint on
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}$$\end{document}
sin
2
θ
13
is removed,
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\sin ^2\theta _{13}=28.0^{+2.8}_{-6.5}\times 10^{-3},$$\end{document}
sin
2
θ
13
=
28
.
0
-
6.5
+
2.8
×
10
-
3
,
in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Thin films of CuIn(S,Se)
2 were prepared by thermal crystallization process for photovoltaic device applications and their properties were investigated. From EPMA analysis, S/(S+Se) atomic ratio in ...the thin films was changed from 0.18 to 1.0 with increasing the S/(S+Se) vapor ratio in the quartz ampoule. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the thin films had a chalcopyrite CuIn(S,Se)
2 structure and the preferred orientation to the 112 plane. The SEM images showed that the grain sizes in CuIn(S,Se)
2 thin films decreased with the increase in the S/(S+Se) atomic ratio.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Immune cells are exposed to low oxygen tensions as they develop and migrate between blood and different tissues, but the mechanisms by which lymphocytes adapt to hypoxia are poorly understood. ...Studies reported here of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in lymphocyte development and functions suggest that it has a critical role in regulation of these processes. HIF-1α deficiency in Hif1α-/-→ Rag2-/-chimeric mice results in dramatic and cell lineage-specific defects, which include appearance of abnormal peritoneal B-1-like lymphocytes, with high expression of B220 (CD45) receptor-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase and autoimmunity (accumulation of anti-dsDNA antibodies and rheumatoid factor in serum, deposits of IgG and IgM in kidney and proteinuria) as well as distortions of maturation of B-2 lymphocytes in bone marrow.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have suggested that interleukin (IL) 15 induces T cell accumulation in synovial lesions of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed at determining whether this cytokine ...could explain in vivo T cell clonality in RA. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with RA were stimulated in vitro with IL15 or IL2. After isolation of mRNA from stimulated cells and synovial T cells, genes coding the V-D(N)-J (CDR3) region of T cell receptor β chains were amplified by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A single strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used to detect the clonotype(s) of accumulating T cells. Nucleotide and amino acid sequencing was also performed. RESULTS Stimulation of PBMC with IL15 resulted in oligoclonal expansion of T cells. However, IL15 induced clones from PBMC were mostly different from the dominantly expanding T cell clones in synovial fluid. Furthermore, IL15 and IL2 responding clones were only partially identical. CONCLUSIONS Although IL15 results in clonal accumulation of T cells, T cell clonality in rheumatoid joints could not be explained by the effect of IL15 alone. The results indicated the requirement of other factor(s), in addition to IL15, in the pathological process affecting RA joints. The results also suggested different responses by each T cell clone to IL15 or IL2.
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–like ligand BAFF/BLyS (B-cell activating factor of the TNF family/B-lymphocyte stimulator) is a potent B-cell survival factor, yet its functional relationship with ...other B-cell surface molecules such as CD19 and CD40 is poorly understood. We found that follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in human lymph nodes expressed BAFF abundantly. BAFF up-regulated a B cell–specific transcription factor Pax5/BSAP (Pax5/B cell–specific activator protein) activity and its target CD19, a major component of the B-cell coreceptor complex, and synergistically enhanced CD19 phosphorylation by B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). BAFF further enhanced B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin G (IgG) production, and reactivity to CD154 by BCR/CD19 coligation and interleukin-15 (IL-15). Our results suggest that BAFF may play an important role in FDC–B-cell interactions through the B-cell coreceptor complex and a possibly sequential link between the T cell–independent and –dependent B-cell responses in the germinal centers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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