This study reveals the operation of the triangular settlement system for Asia’s silver absorption over the 1850s–60s, which contributed to the stabilization of the pre-1870 global monetary system. ...First, we demonstrate that the triangular settlement system among Britain, India, and China was established based on exchange operations. Second, we validate the bullion point method for Asia’s settlement analysis and devise the triangular silver point mechanism. Third, through reconstructing silver points and comparing the arbitrage profits with the silver trade, we found that silver was imported into Asia from Britain through both the bilateral and triangular settlement systems.
Vapochromic materials that show reversible color change driven by vapor adsorption/desorption have drawn significant attention because of their potential applications in chemical sensors and ...chemical‐switching modules. Among the vapochromic coordination complexes reported so far, a series of square‐planar PtII complexes has been studied and represents one of the most promising systems for practical chemical sensors. For such systems, the color of the complexes strongly depends not only on the ligand‐field splitting, but also on the intermolecular distance between the PtII ions. This microreview presents recent results of vapochromic complexes centered on one‐dimensionally stacked PtII systems from the viewpoint of the origin of their vapochromic behavior. The design of vapochromic materials has been facilitated because several useful chromophores, including metallophilic interaction between PtII ions, have been developed. However, it is still challenging to realize a specifically sensitive and selective response to targeted vapors. This review focuses on strategies to achieve assembled PtII complexes with selective vapochromic responses.
Square‐planar platinum(II) complexes that exhibit intense changes in luminescence and color based on metallophilic interactions are promising vapochromic materials. In an effort to generate highly sensitive and selective vapor responses, various PtII complexes have been developed by utilizing different intra‐ and intermolecular interactions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Objectives Low skeletal muscle, referred to as sarcopenia, has been shown to be an independent predictor of lower overall survival in various kinds of diseases. Several studies have ...evaluated the low skeletal muscle mass using computed tomography (CT) imaging. However, the cutoff values based on CT imaging remain undetermined in Asian populations. Methods Preoperative plain CT imaging at the third lumbar vertebrae level was used to measure the psoas muscle mass index (PMI, cm2 /m2 ) in 541 adult donors for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We analyzed PMI distribution according to sex or donor age, and determined the sex-specific cutoff values of PMI to define low skeletal muscle mass. Results PMI in men was significantly higher than observed in women (8.85 ± 1.61 cm2 /m2 versus 5.77 ± 1.21 cm2 /m2 ; P < 0.001). PMI was significantly lower in individuals ≥50 y than in younger donors in both men and women ( P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). On the basis of the younger donor data, we determined the sex-specific cutoff values for the low skeletal muscle mass were 6.36 cm2 /m2 for men and 3.92 cm2 /m2 for women (mean − 2 SD). Conclusion Data from healthy young Asian adults were used to establish new criteria for low skeletal muscle mass that would be applicable for defining sarcopenia in Asian populations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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•The review focuses on photofunctional molecular assembly toward Z-scheme water splitting.•Remarkable techniques beyond a simple dye-sensitization are presented.•Vesicular system ...aiming for photocatalytic H2/O2 evolution and CO2 reduction is overviewed.•Stimuli-responsive vesicles are reviewd from the perspective of controlling the reaction process.•Future development to fill a gap between artificial and natural photosynthesis is discussed.
Photocatalytic water splitting is a desirable reaction that produces a clean and sustainable energy resource—hydrogen (H2)—from solar light and water, a process called artificial photosynthesis. Since the discovery of the Honda–Fujishima effect, significant developments have been made in the field of metal-oxide-based semiconductor photocatalysts, to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiencies suitable for practical applications (>10%). One promising approach for utilizing the entire spectral region of solar light in the water-splitting reaction is to construct a Z-scheme photocatalytic system using a combination of O2 and H2 evolving photocatalysts with a redox-reversible electron mediator. However, these Z-scheme photocatalysts are still limited by backward electron transfer and back reactions at the photocatalyst–mediator interface. In contrast, indispensable molecules and clusters for natural photosynthesis are precisely arranged at the optimal position in protein scaffolds supported by flexible lipid bilayer membranes to effectively promote/suppress forward/backward reaction. The large gap between artificial and natural photosynthesis suggests the requirement of judicious reaction field design at the molecular level. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the photofunctional molecular assemblies present on the surfaces of rigid semiconductors or soft lipid membranes, to overcome the backward reactions in Z-scheme water-splitting photocatalysis. Recent studies clearly indicate that these approaches, based on the dye-sensitization mechanism, may provide powerful techniques not only to improve the photoinduced charge-separation efficiency, but also to regulate the reaction field and pathway in the photocatalytic O2 and H2 evolution reactions. Further, the integration of external-stimuli-responsive structures and artificial photosynthesis may provide a new methodology for photocatalytic activity control by mesoscale structure changes, similar to the changes observed in the grana structure in natural photosynthesis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study reveals the mechanism underlying the silver trade in Singapore during the third quarter of the nineteenth century by analysing banking business and bullion arbitrage. After 1849, the ...California Gold Rush induced gold depreciation and silver appreciation in Singapore's bullion market, and arbitrage profits for silver imports from Britain emerged. At the same time, the expansion of banking business by eastern exchange banks enhanced the connectivity of Singapore's exchange market with London, and enabled bullion arbitrage between the two distant cities. As a result, there was an influx of silver from Britain. In addition, Dutch silver, which was exported to Java by the Netherlands after 1854, flowed into Singapore due to the unfavourable exchange policy of the Dutch government.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A chameleon luminophore: A temperature‐sensing material is reported that has a high thermostability (see picture). The material is composed of color‐changing luminescent coordination polymers ...containing EuIII and TbIII ions. The coordination polymer exhibits a high emission quantum yield Φ of 40 % at room temperature and a temperature‐sensing ability over a wide range of 200–500 K.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
New luminescent Pt(II) complexes with chiral ester chains, PtCl2(R,R-bpybe) (R-1; bpybe = 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester) and its racemic mixture (rac-1) with the chiral ...isomer, S-1, were synthesized, and their vapochromic behavior was investigated. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis revealed that the rac-1 crystal was composed of only one crystallographically independent column formed by alternating stacking of R-1 and S-1 by the effective intermolecular Pt···Pt interaction. In contrast, three types of columnar structures with different Pt···Pt interactions were found for the R-1 crystal, probably because of the different packing of the chiral ester chains between the columns. Consequently, the estimated molecular volume of R-1 was slightly larger than that in the racemic crystal rac-1, although they have the same chemical formula. The X-ray structure of the toluene-adsorbed rac-1 (rac-1·toluene) also indicated that the intermolecular Pt···Pt interaction, which was effective for unsolvated rac-1, was completely canceled out by adsorption of toluene vapor. Both the rac-1 and R-1 crystals exhibited similar vapochromism driven by toluene vapor adsorption/desorption that switched the emission origin between the strongly emissive 3MMLCT (metal–metal-to-ligand charge transfer) to the weakly emissive 3π–π* phosphorescence. Although both crystals had the same chemical formula, the toluene vapor desorption temperature of R-1·toluene (84 °C) was obviously lower than that of rac-1·toluene (107 °C), suggesting that the binding interaction with toluene molecules was weaker in R-1·toluene than in rac-1·toluene.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
We have synthesized two luminescent mononuclear Cu(I) complexes, Cu(PPh2Tol)(THF)(4Mepy)2(BF4) (1) and Cu(PPh2Tol)(4Mepy)3(BF4) (2) (PPh2Tol = diphenyl(o-tolyl)phosphine, 4Mepy = ...4-methylpyridine, THF = tetrahydrofuran), and investigated their crystal structures, luminescence properties, and vapor-induced ligand exchange reactions in the solid state. Both coordination complexes are tetrahedral, but one of the three 4Mepy ligands of complex 2 is replaced by a THF solvent molecule in complex 1. In contrast to the very weak blue emission of the THF-bound complex 1 (wavelength of emission maximum (λem) = 457 nm, emission quantum yield (Φem) = 0.02) in the solid state at room temperature, a very bright blue-green emission was observed for 2 (λem = 484 nm, Φem = 0.63), suggesting a contribution of the THF ligand to nonradiative deactivation. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations and emission lifetime measurements suggest that the room-temperature emissions of the complexes are due to thermally activated delayed fluorescence from the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state. Interestingly, by exposing the solid sample of THF-bound 1 to 4Mepy vapor, the emission intensity drastically increased and the emission color changed from blue to blue-green. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the emission change of 1 is due to the vapor-induced ligand exchange of THF for 4Mepy, forming the strongly emissive complex 2. Further emission tuning was achieved by exposing 1 to pyrimidine or pyrazine vapors, forming green (λem = 510 nm) or orange (λem = 618 nm) emissive complexes, respectively. These results suggest that the vapor-induced ligand exchange is a promising method to control the emission color of luminescent Cu(I) complexes.
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