Background:This study assessed whether the dissemination of public-access defibrillation (PAD) at the population level is associated with an increase in neurologically favorable outcomes among ...patients experiencing ventricular fibrillation (VF) in public vs. residential locations in Japan.Methods and Results:We enrolled adult patients with bystander-witnessed VF between 2013 and 2015. The primary outcome measure was 1-month neurologically favorable outcome defined by cerebral performance category 1 or 2. The number of survivors with neurologically favorable outcome attributed to PAD after VF arrest was estimated by location of arrest. A total of 16,252 adult patients with bystander-witnessed VF arrest were analyzed. In public locations, 29.3% (2,334/7,973) of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients received PAD, whereas 1.1% (89/8,279) of OHCA patients received PAD in residential locations. OHCA patients with PAD had significantly better neurological outcomes compared with those without PAD in public locations (51.8% vs. 25.5%, P<0.001), whereas there were no significant differences in neurologically favorable outcome between patients with or without PAD in residential locations (22.5% vs. 18.6%, P=0.357). The total number of patients with neurologically favorable outcomes attributed to PAD was estimated at 615 in public locations, but only 3 in residential locations.Conclusions:In Japan, when compared with residential locations, PAD works more successfully in public locations for adults with bystander-witnessed VF arrest.
The history of integrated circuit (IC) development is another record of human challenges involving space. Efforts have been made to protect ICs from sudden malfunctions due to single-event effects ...(SEEs). These effects are triggered by only a single strike of particle radiation, such as an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-ray or cosmic ray, originating from our solar activity and galactic events including supernovas. This article explores how SEEs have evolved along with the progress in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) digital IC technology, or device scaling, from the early micrometer-scale generations to the current nanometer-scale generations. For this purpose, focusing on basic digital elements, that is, inverters and static random access memories (SRAMs), this study collected more than 100 sets of data on four characteristic parameters of single-event upsets (SEUs) and single-event transients (SETs), both of which are undesired flips in digital logic states. The results show that all the examined parameters, such as the SEU critical charge, decrease with the device feature size. Analysis involving structure classification, such as bulk versus silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates and planar versus fin channels, reveals relationships between the examined SEE parameters and other device features such as the power supply voltage. All the data collected in this survey are explicitly given in tables for future exploration of IC reliability.
In 2010, Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) was discovered in ticks in China and has been shown to be distributed in several regions worldwide. Recently, cases of JMTV infection in humans have been reported ...in China and Kosovo, and have attracted much attention as an emerging tick-borne disease. In this study, we detected the JMTV genome in Amblyomma testudinarium ticks collected in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, during tick-borne virus surveillance conducted in the Kanto Region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the new JMTV strain was closely related to previous strains detected in Japan. This suggests that JMTV may have been maintained during an independent natural transmission cycle in Japan. In addition, unlike other countries and regions, all JMTV strains in Japan were detected only in A. testudinarium ticks, suggesting that this tick species is the primary JMTV vector in Japan. This is the first report of JMTV in the Kanto Region. Further studies are required to elucidate the potential risk of infection with this tick-borne virus in Japan. In particular, the prevalence of JMTV in wild animals should be examined to clarify its geographical distribution, host range, and transmission cycle.
Abstract
Hydrogen produced by electrolysis using electricity derived from renewable energy sources has a fluctuating supply. However, conventional catalyst evaluation methods cannot evaluate catalyst ...synthesis assuming a fluctuating feedstock. This paper investigates a simple screening method for catalysts that can be used for renewable energy by using a combination of three catalyst evaluation methods: Light-off Performance, equilibrium achievement degree, and maximum ammonia concentration. We examined the combination of evaluation methods and trends for each element, and finally concluded that a three-axis graph combining the three is the easiest graph to obtain the information necessary for catalyst screening intuitively rather than quantitatively.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Liver metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) is highly associated with poor prognosis. The development of sensitive biomarkers for detecting and predicting liver metastasis is required for ...better clinical outcome.
Objective
In this study, we aimed to identify novel genes associated with liver metastasis of GC.
Methods
Global expression profiling of 57,749 genes was performed using surgically resected gastric tissues from four patients with liver metastasis to identify candidate genes. The mRNA expression levels of the selected candidate gene were analyzed in the resected gastric tissues of 300 GC patients and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Fourteen GC cell lines were subjected to mRNA expression and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array analysis.
Results
Among 25 candidate genes identified by transcriptome analysis, preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (
PRAME
) was selected for subsequent analyses. mRNA expression analysis of clinical samples revealed the aberrant expression of
PRAME
in GC tissues, and its high expression was significantly related to differentiated phenotype and vessel invasion, as well as liver metastasis. High
PRAME
expression was significantly associated with hepatic recurrence after curative surgery, and cumulative incidences of hepatic recurrence were significantly greater in patients with high
PRAME
expression compared with patients with low
PRAME
expression. In an in vitro analysis, overexpression was observed in all GC cell lines compared with a normal epithelial cell line. PCR array analysis revealed the coordinate expression of
MMP9
,
OCLN
,
IL1RN
, and
MST1R
.
Conclusions
PRAME
is related to the malignant potential of GC and could serve as a novel biomarker for the detection and prediction of liver metastasis.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Coltiviruses, belonging to the genus Coltivirus within the family Spinareoviridae, are predominantly tick-borne viruses. Some of these species have been implicated in human diseases; however, their ...diversity, geographical distribution, and evolutionary dynamics remain inadequately. Therefore, this study was undertaken to explore the phylogenetic evolution of coltiviruses and related viruses. Our results revealed the detection of novel coltivirus-related sequences in adult female Haemaphysalis megaspinosa ticks collected from Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed a close association between the sequences and the genome sequences of known coltivirus-related viruses, namely Qinghe tick reovirus and Fennes virus. The putative coltivirus-related virus was tentatively designated the Nakatsu tick virus. This study provides insights into the phylogenetic evolution of coltiviruses and related viruses.
Oxaliplatin induces severe peripheral neuropathy. The effect of donepezil, a drug used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy was investigated using both ...in vivo and in vitro models. Donepezil effectively attenuated oxaliplatin- and cisplatin-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth in cultured PC12 cells. In a rat model, repeated oral administration of donepezil (5 times/week for 4 weeks) ameliorated oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) and sciatic nerve axonal degeneration. Moreover, donepezil did not inhibit the anti-tumor activity of oxaliplatin in any cultured cancer cell line. Therefore, donepezil may be useful for managing oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study examines the relationship between debates in the biological and evolutionary sciences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and J. A. Schumpeter's theories of socio-economic ...dynamics.In the late 19th century, the idea that differences in individual ability had created the hierarchy of social classes was gradually accepted among conservatives, and traditional egalitarianism came to be rejected. Schumpeter's theories of socio-economic dynamics were also based on the idea that entrepreneurial success was to be attributed not to the possession of property, as assumed by Marx, but to entrepreneurs' innate ability to persistently accomplish their plans.Schumpeter's assumption that “the function of the entrepreneur itself cannot be inherited” is also investigated as the most important basis for refuting Marx’s view of class. The current study suggests that the idea Schumpeter employed in trying to challenge Marx's class theory has interesting similarities to Galton's idea of “regression.” However, although Schumpeter addressed the idea that entrepreneurial ability does not persist over generations, he did not propose any clear mechanism to explain why this ability cannot be inherited but only highlighted an observable tendency in his theory of economic development. The reason for his failure to offer a conclusive theory was derived from his strategy of using confusing biological assumptions about heredity. As a result, his explanation of the inheritance of entrepreneurial ability is quite confused. This weakened his counterargument to Marx's theory to some extent.The study also examines the ideology behind Schumpeter's vision. Although he denied the ordinary principle of equal chance, his ideology is considered as a variant of the concept of equality of opportunity based on a multigenerational perspective.
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Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) inhibitors are expected to be suitable as smoking cessation aids and for cancer prevention. Because the typical coumarin-based CYP2A6 inhibitor ...methoxsalen also inhibits CYP3A4, unintended drug-drug interactions are still a concern. Therefore, the development of selective CYP2A6 inhibitors is desirable. In this study, we synthesized coumarin-based molecules, determined the IC50 values for CYP2A6 inhibition, verified the possibility of mechanism-based inhibition, and compared the selectivity for CYP2A6 versus CYP3A4. The results demonstrated that we developed CYP2A6 inhibitors that were more potent and selective than methoxsalen.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Oxaliplatin frequently causes severe peripheral neuropathy as a dose-limiting toxicity. However, this toxicity lacks a strategy for prevention. Cystine/Theanine is a supplement, which includes ...precursors for the biosynthesis of glutathione. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cystine/Theanine on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy using an in vivo model. Repeated injection of oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a week for 2 weeks) caused mechanical allodynia, cold hyperalgesia and axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats. Mechanical allodynia and axonal degeneration, but not cold hyperalgesia, were ameliorated by daily co-administration of Cystine 200 mg/kg orally (p.o.) and Theanine (80 mg/kg p.o.). Moreover, co-administration of Cystine and Theanine to rats significantly increased the glutathione level in the sciatic nerve compared with the oxaliplatin group. Furthermore, Cystine and Theanine did not attenuate the tumour cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in C-26 tumour cell-bearing mice. These findings suggest that Cystine and Theanine may be beneficial for preventing oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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