Calix4resorcinarene-based cavitands with a bowl-shaped aromatic cavity are widely used as scaffolds for covalently bound and self-assembled capsules. There are two main categories of ...calix4resorcinarene-based cavitands that are tetrafunctionalized at the upper (wider) rim: one category includes derivatives that have functionalized bridges between pairs of hydroxy groups of the calix4resorcinarene, and the second category includes derivatives with functional groups at the 2-position on the resorcinol ring and the methylene bridge between pairs of hydroxy groups. This review describes capsular self-assemblies of the latter type of methylene-bridge cavitands, which are formed through hydrogen bonds, metal-coordination bonds, and dynamic covalent bonds.
The hemispherical structures of calix4resorcinarene cavitands are suitable for forming capsular assemblies with guest encapsulations through various intermolecular interactions.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder involving mainly the intestinal tract, but possibly other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal organs. Although etiology is still uncertain, ...recent knowledge in pathogenesis has accumulated, and novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have become available for clinical use. Therefore, the previous guidelines were urged to be updated. In 2016, the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology revised the previous versions of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in Japanese. A total of 59 clinical questions for 9 categories (1. clinical features of IBD; 2. diagnosis; 3. general consideration in treatment; 4. therapeutic interventions for IBD; 5. treatment of UC; 6. treatment of CD; 7. extraintestinal complications; 8. cancer surveillance; 9. IBD in special situation) were selected, and a literature search was performed for the clinical questions with use of the MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases. The guidelines were developed with the basic concept of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Recommendations were made using Delphi rounds. This English version was produced and edited based on the existing updated guidelines in Japanese.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Adaptive information seeking is critical for goal-directed behavior. Growing evidence suggests the importance of intrinsic motives such as curiosity or need for novelty, mediated through dopaminergic ...valuation systems, in driving information-seeking behavior. However, valuing information for its own sake can be highly suboptimal when agents need to evaluate instrumental benefit of information in a forward-looking manner. Here we show that information-seeking behavior in humans is driven by subjective value that is shaped by both instrumental and noninstrumental motives, and that this subjective value of information (SVOI) shares a common neural code with more basic reward value. Specifically, using a task where subjects could purchase information to reduce uncertainty about outcomes of a monetary lottery, we found information purchase decisions could be captured by a computational model of SVOI incorporating utility of anticipation, a form of noninstrumental motive for information seeking, in addition to instrumental benefits. Neurally, trial-by-trial variation in SVOI was correlated with activity in striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, cross-categorical decoding revealed that, within these regions, SVOI and expected utility of lotteries were represented using a common code. These findings provide support for the common currency hypothesis and shed insight on neurocognitive mechanisms underlying information-seeking behavior.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
AbstractThis study examines the mechanical performance of large and small cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall panels with different applications. Two CLT structures were subjected to reversed cyclic ...lateral loads. One structure consisted of 90-mm-thick, large CLT wall panels (6×2.7 m), and the other consisted of 90-mm-thick, small CLT wall panels (1×2.7 m). A weight was installed on the roof of two-story structures to simulate the weight of three-story structures, designed by elastic calculations with a base shear coefficient of 1.0. The number of screws for each joint was determined by a linear finite-element method (FEM) analysis. The experimental results showed that the ultimate capacity of these structures is 60–80% higher than the design load, indicating high structural performance. A three-dimensional, nonlinear analysis was conducted via the FEM, which accurately predicted the mechanical performance of the CLT structures. This design procedure, based on linear analysis, resulted in a conservative design, and simulation using the nonlinear FEM provided an effective tool for design optimization.
In the field of tribology, many studies now use machine learning (ML). However, ML models have not yet been used to evaluate the relationship between the friction coefficient and the elemental ...distribution of a tribofilm formed from multiple lubricant additives. This study proposed the possibility of using ML to evaluate that relationship. Friction tests revealed that, calcium tribofilms formed on the friction surface, with the friction coefficient increasing as a result of the addition of OBCS. Therefore, we investigated whether the convolutional neural network (CNN) model could recognize the tribofilms formed from OBCS and classify image data of the elemental distributions of these tribofilms into high and low friction-coefficient groups. The CNN model classifies only output values, and it's difficult to see how the model has learned. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was performed using a CNN-based model, and this allowed the visualization of the areas important for classifying elemental distributions into friction coefficient groups. Furthermore, dimension reductions enabled the visualization of these distributions for classification into the groups. The results of this study suggested that the CNN model, the Grad-CAM, and the dimension reductions are useful for evaluating frictional features of tribofilms formed from multiple lubricant additives.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ferroptosis is a necrotic form of regulated cell death (RCD) mediated by phospholipid peroxidation in association with free iron-mediated Fenton reactions. Disrupted iron homeostasis resulting in ...excessive oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we demonstrate the involvement of ferroptosis in COPD pathogenesis. Our in vivo and in vitro models show labile iron accumulation and enhanced lipid peroxidation with concomitant non-apoptotic cell death during cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, which are negatively regulated by GPx4 activity. Treatment with deferoxamine and ferrostatin-1, in addition to GPx4 knockdown, illuminate the role of ferroptosis in CS-treated lung epithelial cells. NCOA4-mediated ferritin selective autophagy (ferritinophagy) is initiated during ferritin degradation in response to CS treatment. CS exposure models, using both GPx4-deficient and overexpressing mice, clarify the pivotal role of GPx4-regulated cell death during COPD. These findings support a role for cigarette smoke-induced ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of COPD.
We investigated the effects of substitutional alloying elements on the microstructure, hydrogen diffusivity, and tensile properties of Fe–X binary ferritic alloys (X = Si, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo, ...V, W, and Ti) in air and under hydrogen charging. We find using X-ray diffraction that these elements, except for Si and Co, cause ferrite lattice expansion. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient D (measured via hydrogen-permeation tests under cathodic charging at 24°C) reduces as a function of the added alloy concentration. The D-value reduction is enhanced more for Ti, Mn and Cr than other elements. This D variation cannot be simply explained based on the lattice expansion effect, which means that D depends on both hydrogen trapping at the expanded internal lattice spaces adjacent to substitutional solute atoms and hydrogen-solute-atoms chemical interactions. As regards the tensile properties obtained based on slow strain rate tests in air and under hydrogen charging, we find that the all elements, except for Al and Co, afford alloy strengthening in air. Under hydrogen charging, Ti, Mn, and Cr addition reduces the fracture elongation, thereby indicating that these elements increase alloy susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The elongation loss due to hydrogen does not depend on the strengthening effects; however, it exhibits good correlation with the observed D-value reduction and the increment in surface hydrogen concentration C0, which is inversely proportional to D. This correlation indicates that substitutional alloying elements act as reversible hydrogen-trapping sites, which supply hydrogen to potential and developing cracks.
The compression properties of wood perpendicular to the grain is an important resistance mechanism in timber joints, especially wood-to-wood joints. Hence, improving the compression properties of ...wood is essential to developing timber joints with high resistance performance. In this study, we attempted to improve the compression properties using a resin impregnation technique. Three compression tests were conducted: loading at the full surface of the specimen, loading at the local part of the specimen with the unloaded part expanding in the tangential direction, and loading at the local part of the specimen with the unloaded part expanding in the longitudinal direction. Two types of resins were used: urethane and acryl. For compression loading on the full surface, the stiffness was increased by resin impregnation in the case of acryl impregnation. However, the yield load did not increase significantly. In the cases of compression loading in the local part and unloaded part expanding in the tangential direction, the stiffness increased when acryl was used, and the yield load increased when both resins were used. Significant increment in the properties were observed when the local compression load acted on the specimens with the unloaded parts expanding in the longitudinal direction. When urethane and a 10 mm incision depth were used, the stiffness and yield load increased 1.35 and 2.54 times, respectively. When using acryl and a 10 mm incision depth, the stiffness and yield load increased 1.64 and 2.93 times, respectively.
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