Infiltrative cardiomyopathies are a wide spectrum of disorders characterized by deposition of abnormal substances in the myocardium. These have a varied etiology and can be idiopathic, familial, or ...secondary to systemic disorders. The infiltrative process primarily causes a diastolic dysfunction resulting in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Common infiltrative cardiomyopathies encountered are cardiac amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, Fabry disease, iron overload cardiomyopathy, endomyocardial fibrosis, and idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. Early and accurate detection of cause of infiltration is very important to improve outcomes through disease-specific therapies. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) plays an important role in the diagnosis, avoiding the need of invasive endomyocardial biopsy in many cases. The use of postcontrast late gadolinium enhancement and T1 and T2 mapping sequences in CMR is improving diagnosis of infiltrative cardiomyopathy. In this review, we highlight the role of CMR in detection of different types of infiltrative cardiomyopathy.
Abstract
Background
: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) using vasodilator agent is well established in ...assessing the functional significance of CAD. Adenosine is the preferred agent, but can have severe side effects including dyspnoea, chest pain, atrioventricular block or bronchospasm. The stress CMR examination is not routinely performed in many of the clinical imaging departments in India.
Objective
: The aim of this study was to establish safety of adenosine as a pharmacological stressor agent for CMR in a tertiary care radiology department in India.
Methods
: A review of all patients undergoing stress CMR in our institution from May 2018 to May 2019 was made. Records were reviewed to collect response parameters and documented adverse reactions.
Results
: A total of 1057 patients underwent stress CMR during this period. No death, myocardial infarction or atrio-ventricular block related complications were seen. Transient hypotension was seen in 20 patients (1.8’) with spontaneous recovery after stopping infusion. Chest pain and breathlessness severe enough to discontinue the scan were seen in 6 (0.5’) and 10 (0.9’) patients, respectively. All patients with breathlessness recovered on low flow oxygen therapy with three requiring bronchodilator. Out of six patients with chest pain, three had immediate relief with sublingual nitroglycerin, and three required hospital admission for unstable angina. Of the latter three, 1 underwent revascularization on the same day and other two later in the week.
Conclusion
: Stress CMR using adenosine in appropriately selected patients is a highly safe procedure with significant side effects seen in less than 1’ of patients. Therefore, it is safe to perform stress CMR studies in a fully equipped and well-trained radiology department in India.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Petroleum refineries are known to generate huge quantities of spent hydroprocessing catalysts as solid waste every year. Spent hydroprocessing catalysts contain significant quantities of different ...toxic metals, and are designated as hazardous. Besides environmental concerns, the metals (Ni, V, Mo, Co, etc.) present in the spent hydroprocessing catalysts are also a valuable commodity and thus effective and eco-friendly methods are required to recover them. In recent years, different hydrometallurgical processes have been developed to leach these metals from spent hydroprocessing catalysts in an effective manner. Among various methods, the use of different organic acids is gaining attention as a promising green leaching method for spent catalyst due to their effectiveness, selectivity, and biodegradable nature. In this article, the properties and mechanism of different organic acids in leaching of metals from the refinery-spent hydroprocessing catalysts are reviewed. The advantages of organic acids as compared to other hydrometallurgical processes are emphasized. The potential of each organic acid in the leaching of metals from the spent hydroprocessing catalyst is elaborated. The key techno-economic challenges (efficiency, process economy, and safety) associated with the use of organic acids as leaching agents are identified, and future perspective are elaborated. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that organic acid-based leaching might play a key role in the development of eco-friendly hydrometallurgical processes for the treatment of petroleum refinery spent hydroprocessing catalysts.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Lignocellulosic biomass generated from different sectors (agriculture, forestry, industrial) act as biorefinery precursor for production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol and other biochemicals. ...The integration of various conversion techniques on a single platform under biorefinery approach for production of biofuel and industrially important chemicals from LCB is gaining interest worldwide. The waste generated on utilization of bio-resources is almost negligible or zero in a biorefinery along with reduced greenhouse gas emissions, which supports the circular bioeconomy concept. The economic viability of a lignocellulosic biorefinery depends upon the efficient utilization of three major components of LCB—cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The heterogeneous structure and recalcitrant nature of LCB is main obstacle in its valorization into bioethanol and other value-added products. The success of bioconversion process depends upon methods used during pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The cost involved in each step of the bioconversion process affects the viability of cellulosic ethanol. The lignocellulose biorefinery has ample scope, but much-focused research is required to fully utilize major parts of lignocellulosic biomass with zero wastage. The present review entails lignocellulosic biomass valorization for ethanol production, along with different steps involved in its production. Various value-added products produced from LCB components were also discussed. Recent technological advances and significant challenges in bioethanol production are also highlighted in addition to future perspectives.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant sources has become an excellent substitute for conventional chemical synthetic methods. Nowadays, nano biotechnology is growing at a very fast ...rate due to its various possible application in the pharmaceutical biomedical, textile, paper industries. In our study, we have reported the green synthesis of chalcogenide nanostructure pharmacologically active chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles using synthesized chromium (III) complex as a single route precursor. The synthesized chromium (III) complex was reacted with an aqueous extract of cinnamon bark for the green synthesis of Cr2O3 nanoparticles. In the present study, we aimed to synthesize chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3 NPs) through a facile low-cost, eco-friendly route. In this method, we use the aqueous environment for green synthesize of Cr2O3 NPs because the use of an aqueous medium plays a very important role in reducing time, reducing minimum possibilities of side reactions and proper execution of conversions of synthesized Cr(III) complex into a good quality of Cr2O3 NPs in a very less time. The synthesized chromium (III) complex and green synthesized Cr2O3 NPs were thoroughly analyzed through various structural, morphological, electronic, vibrational and pharmacological characterization techniques. Powdered X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of well-defined equip spaced crystalline nanoparticles of chromium oxide. Transmission electron microscopy exhibits oval-shaped structure of Cr2O3 NPs with an average particle size of 48 nm. Sharp electronic absorptions ends at 345nm for Cr(III) complex and at 429nm indicates the synthesis of good quality of chromium(III) complex and Cr2O3 NPs. The FT-IR spectral studies confirmed the presence of Cr-O stretching, N-H bonding and C=O stretching vibrations in synthesized Cr(III) complex was performed to investigate the thermal stability of the complex. The Cr(III) complex is stable up to 350ºC. The effective pharmacological activities like in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities explained the presence of strong electron-withdrawing and electronwithdrawing groups in synthesized chromium (III) complex. The green synthesis of Cr2O3 NPs via aqueous extract of cinnamon back in proper stoichiometric ratio is a good method for synthesizing highly effective bioactive agents which will be considered as a good drug candidate for various biological applications in future for various biomedical applications
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Rate of energy production is reflecting growth of nations and most of energy produced from the coal and natural gas-based thermal power plants (TPPs). Flue gas (point sources of emission) are main ...exhaustible form of gases that come from thermal power plants and are continuously promoting climate change and various environmental problems in global scenario. The present available technologies of flue gas treatment are energy and cost-intensive process. Among the available techniques for fixation of flue-gases at sustainable part, microalgal bio-fixation of flue gas is an alternative promising and competent technology with assurance of eco-friendly path of low energy and low-cost solution for pollution abetment with production of value added products. According to mechanism involves during photosynthetic process of microalgae, it utilizes atmospheric CO2 and CO2 from flue gases for their growth. Past, present and future treatment technologies for flue gas with their challenges are discussed. Recent experimental studies and commercially available bioreactors are very particular for bio-fixation of flue gas from thermal power plants are also reviewed with their future perspectives. The commercial viability of process with specific microalgal strains and utilized biomass for further value-added products are suggested with future limitations.
•Flue gas emits from thermal power plants consists of COx, NOx, SOx and heavy metals.•Strain selection & culturing system is important for bio-fixation of flue gas.•Closed type photobioreactors are more suitable for bio-fixation of flue gas.•Bio-fixation rate is totally depends upon the raw materials used in TPPs.•Process cost is a major challenge for bio-fixation of flue gas from TPPs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cadmium (Cd), a non-essential trace element, it's intrusion in groundwater has ubiquitous implications on the environment and human health. This review is an approach to comprehensively emphasize on ...i) chemistry and occurrence of Cd in groundwater and its concomitant response on human health ii) sustainable Cd remediation techniques, iii) and associated costs. Current study is depending on meta-analysis of Cd contaminations in groundwater and discusses its distributions around the globe. Literature review primarily comprises from the last three decades online electronic published database, which mainly includes i) research literatures, ii) government reports. On the basis of meta-data, it was concluded that Cd mobility depends on multiple factors: such as pH, redox state, and ionic strength, dissolved organic (DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC). A substantially high Cd concentration has been reported in Lagos, Nigeria (0.130 mg/L). In India, groundwater is continuing to be contaminated by Cd in the proximity of industrial, agricultural areas, high concentrations (>8.20 mg/L) were reported in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Depending on chemical behavior and ionic radius cadmium disseminate into the food chain and ultimately cause health hazard that can be measured by various index-based assessment tools. Instead of chemical adsorbents, nanoparticles, phytoextraction, and bioremediation techniques can be very useful in the remediation and management of Cd polluted groundwater at a low-cost. For Cd pollution, the development of a comprehensive framework that links the hydro-geological, bio-geochemical processes to public health is important and need to be further studied.
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•Elevated concentration of Cd in groundwater is an alarming state.•pH, the redox state, ionic strengths, DOC, and DIC are important for Cd mobility.•Specific chemical behavior and ionic radius makes Cd more hazardous for human.•Adsorption process is the most effective in remediation of Cd polluted groundwater.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In present study, heterogeneous Nano-CaO catalyst was synthesized from waste egg shell (WES) and its potential was investigated for direct transesterification of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Catalyst was ...synthesized by calcination-hydration–dehydration (C–H-D) process and found to have crystalline structure with average size of 23.65 nm and 64.51 m2/g of surface area as confirmed by XRD and BET analysis. SEM-EDX analysis further confirmed that obtained Nano catalyst is mesoporous with average pore size of 9.28 nm. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization of direct transesterification by varying the catalyst dosage (%), reaction temperature (°C) and time (min). The maximum yield of FAME (93.44%) was obtained with combination of 2.06% wt/wt catalyst with 180 min of time and 60 °C temperature. Further, biodiesel was characterized for iodine value, cloud point, pour point, cetane number, higher heating value, acid value and density, which were about 204.14 gI2/100g,-4.5 °C, 5.4 °C, 32.29, 38.03 MJ/kg, 0.83 mgKOH/g, 0.85 g/cm3 respectively. The reusability and stability of Nano-CaO catalyst was found up to 6 cycles. Findings of this research study support that Nano-CaO catalyst derived from WES is a low cost and sustainable source of catalyst that can be effectively used for biodiesel production.
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•Waste egg shell was used as raw material for Ca–O Nanocatalyst.•RSM-CCD uses multivariate approach for process optimization of biodiesel production.•Fuel properties of biodiesel were in accordance within the EU and ASTM standards.•Natural ecofriendly reusable egg shell was employed as catalyst.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Multidrug-resistant pathogens causing nosocomial and community acquired infections delineate a significant threat to public health. It had urged to identify new antimicrobials and thus, generated ...interest in studying macrocyclic metal complex, which has been studied in the past for their antimicrobial activity. Hence, in the present study, we have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the hexadentated macrocyclic complex of copper (II) (Cu Complex) derived from thiosemicarbazide against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We observed increased susceptibility against standard isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 6.25 to 12.5 μg/mL. Similar activity was also observed towards methicillin resistant and sensitive clinical isolates of S. aureus from human (n = 20) and animal (n = 20) infections. The compound has rapid bactericidal activity, and we did not observe any resistant mutant of S. aureus. The compound also exhibited antibiofilm activity and was able to disrupt pre-formed biofilms. Cu complex showed increased susceptibility towards intracellular S. aureus and was able to reduce more than 95% of the bacterial load at 10 μg/mL. Overall, our results suggest that Cu complex with its potent anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity can be used to treat MRSA infections and evaluated further clinically.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Detrimental greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions producing conventional sources of energy are needed to be replaced with eco-friendly and renewable energy sources. Researchers have strongly highlighted ...biohydrogen is an alternate source of high-energy for alleviating the energy crisis due to its having energy content 2.75 times higher than that of fossil fuels. In addition, the fuel known for leaving no trails of harmful emissions by combustion and emits only water as a by-product. Algal biomass has emerged as a potential feedstock for biohydrogen production. The objectives of the present article is to illustrate the various ways of algal biohydrogen production along with mechanisms and challenges of biohydrogen production in which factors controlling the hydrogen production process and challenges in the economic aspect, technical aspect and storage are considered. Future road map of biohydrogen from algae is also delineated in view of decarbonization pathway and respective SWOT analysis pointing strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Key strength of algal biohydrogen is identified as excellent carbon capture and waste valorization capability of algae to promote zero-waste circular bioeconomy. Along with these, some weaknesses of this biological approach include technological hinderances leading low biohydrogen yield and high initial cost investment. Implementing genetic/metabolic or environmental manipulations has shown promising opportunity to improve algal biohydrogen to ensure long-term sustainability. Cascading effects of technological immaturity followed by lack of credibility even after suggested alterations are few of threats that need to be superintended by optimizing operational parameters, metabolic engineering, etc.
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•Biological and thermochemical routes have 5.5–6 $/kg and 1.39$/kg for H2 production.•Pre-treatment processes of algal biomass are important step in path of biohydrogen.•Dark fermentation process has emerged as the most studied biological method.•The physiological, genetic/metabolic alterations has potentials to enhance H2 production.•SWOT provided current and future potential of hydrogen production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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