Dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) is an attractive method for the stabilization of solid organic waste with high solid concentration (22–40%). This article provides different aspects for bio-energy ...production through dry anaerobic digestion suggested by different researchers. Basic fundamental aspects like reactions occurring in the process, microbial species involved in the process, effect of feedstocks and operational parameters like pH, temperature, C/N ratio, VFA concentration, etc. with types of reactors are summarized. A number of scenarios and the effect of changing individual parameters of the environmental impacts of dry anaerobic digestion process for biogas production are considered. Mobility of mass nutrient and energy flow in the above said process are also parts of this review article. We conclude that long term research and development for improvement and optimization of operational parameters in dry anaerobic digestion is necessary.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A wide variety of processes are available for hydrogen production from gaseous or liquid fuels. They differ according to the nature of the primary fuel used (ammonia, methanol, ethanol, gaseous or ...liquid hydrocarbons, water) and to the chemical reactions involved (decomposition, steam reforming, partial oxidation, electrolysis, gasification).
As recent technology progress makes hydrogen a realistic long-term energy option with little or no pollution, developments of new methods for its production and improvement of conventional technology are important. This paper analyzes the recent development of hydrogen production technologies followed by an overview of conventional and renewable energy sources and a discussion about enviro-economic aspects for hydrogen production methods. The results show that although renewable energy resources cannot entirely satisfy the energy demand but electrolysis associated with solar energy, wind power, hydropower and biomass are available renewable sources for significant hydrogen production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Most studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) and its drivers have focused on individual-and household-level characteristics of the victim. Recent studies have acknowledged that it is a ...community-level phenomenon, using spatial analytical methods to analyze community-level determinants of IPV and its geographic dimensions. Such studies provide mixed evidence on the impact of different factors and need to be supplemented by similar studies—particularly in South Asian countries where IPV is common. The present study examines district-level variations in the incidence of various forms of IPV and identifies its determinants in India, a fast-growing South Asian country with poor gender indicators. The study combines data from the National Family Health Survey, District Level Household Survey, and the decadal Census. It applies spatial analytical methods such as the Global Moran’s I, Getis-ord statistic, and Multivariate Local Geary to determine the nature of the spatial distribution of different categories of IPV. Spatial regression models are used to identify the community-level predictors of each category of IPV. The study finds non-random overlapping spatial clusters in the eastern part of India. The study also finds that neighborhoods characterized by low empowerment levels, and with a high child sex ratio, road connectivity, and proportion of socially marginalized groups are more likely to exhibit high levels of all types of IPV—although the impact of these determinants varies across districts. Furthermore, spill-overs in the incidence of IPV between neighboring districts are also observed. The study concludes by recommending the use of localized policies, rather than broad national or state policies, in reducing IPV.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
•Thermal analysis of encapsulated PCM based thermal management system.•Good potential to cool the room for summer condition even with heating loads.•Found to be technically as well as economically ...viable for cooling of buildings.
This communication presents the thermal performance and economic evaluation of the thermal management system (TMS) for cooling applications using calcium chloride hexahydrate as a phase change material. This experimental work was done to shift the peak time cool energy demand for off peak time. The PCM was selected for TMS on the basis of availability in the desired temperature range and long term thermal behavior. The designed system was tested with air conditioning system for cool energy storage and discharged with three heating loads (1kW, 2kW and 3kW) for the real life application. The energetic and exergetic efficiencies were also calculated and found to be highest for 1kW and lowest for 3kW heating load. The economic evaluation of the TMS has been carried with respect of per unit cost of electricity generated by coal, diesel and solar energy and found that payback time is low for solar based generation in comparison to electricity generation by other sources. The results of this study were also compared with those of the theoretical values and are found in good agreement with each other.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of cardiac conditions. Over the last three decades, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has established itself as a promising ...imaging tool in the assessment of patients with various cardiac ailments. CMR is now being considered as a one-stop-shop diagnostic test because of its ability to comprehensively assess the heart. The greatest strength of CMR is its ability to characterize the myocardium noninvasively aiding in the diagnosis of patients. Despite its growing use worldwide, the adoption of the modality in India has been relatively slow. One major reason for this is the lack of expertise and resources to perform CMR. Another reason for the slow adoption of CMR in India is the limited understanding of practicing clinicians on how the modality works and what the various clinical applications of CMR are. In this review, we aimed to address these shortcomings by outlining some basics of CMR and its utility in day-to-day practice with a special focus on myocardial tissue characterization.
The current study focused on the pollution remediation of textile industry wastewater by using
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
in two different physical forms: free algal biomass and immobilized algal biomass. ...The hypothesis behind the present study was to analyze the pollution reduction efficiency of immobilized algal biomass and free algal biomass on comparative scale on the basis of the adsorption process which is directly proportional with the surface area of the adsorbate. So, in this context the immobilized form of algae could enhance the pollution reduction efficiency due to availability of more surface area. So, the textile industry wastewater was treated by both free algal biomass and immobilized algal biomass and the major wastewater contributors like nitrate, phosphate, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were assessed before and after the treatment process. To conclude the optimum comparative results, the pH of wastewater was maintained constant, as it can capitalize or moderate the adsorption process (initial pH of was 8.2 ± 0.1, but it was maintained to 8). The contamination remediation was found to be effective with immobilized algal biomass (46.7% of nitrate, 59.4% of phosphate, 83.1% BOD and 83.0% of COD) than free algal biomass (43.2% of nitrate, 56.7% of phosphate, 71.4% of BOD and 78.0% COD).
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The harvesting of microalgae biomass from culture medium is a tedious process that needs high cost and energy. Calcium chloride was utilized as a flocculant for the flocculation process of
Chlorella ...pyrenoidosa
in an alkaline medium. This study was aimed to optimize the four flocculation process parameters for microalgae by Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology. The maximum flocculation efficiency of
C. pyrenoidosa
was obtained 97.58% at 32.5 °C, pH 9, 37.5 min. and 275 mgL
−1
flocculant dose, out of which 72 (± 2) % of flocculant amount was contributed in the flocculation process. The rest of the 28% flocculant was recovered from the spent medium, which was again utilized for the flocculation process and was achieved 28% flocculation efficiency at pre-optimized conditions. The cost of the flocculation process was analyzed ≈0.10 USD for 1 kg of microalgae biomass which shows a low-cost option compared to conventional chemicals.
Graphical abstract
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has created havoc all across the globe causing exponential casualties and tremendous health and economic loss. With increasing COVID-19 cases, the amount of ...biomedical waste has increased manifolds making more people vulnerable to the pandemic. The developing and underdeveloped countries are already facing the challenges of waste management, and the waste generated during the pandemic scenario has added to the already existing challenges. The improper waste management practices need to be corrected; otherwise, the world will be facing a new disaster that could be termed as ‘waste disaster’. The increase in COVID-19-associated waste (CAW) quantity and their availability in the environment will result in their easy approach to other organisms, which will possibly increase the potential risk of food chain contamination. Some of the countries have already started to make backup plans and are struggling to overcome the ‘waste disaster’. In light of the limited knowledge available on the mutational properties and possible hosts of this newly emerged COVID-19, there is a great demand to have an efficient strategy to prevent the environment from further contamination in India. The necessity of the prevailing time is to create a more efficient, automatic, mechanized, and well-modified waste management system for handling the present situation and delaying the projected waste disaster in the near future in the era of COVID-19. The article aims to address the issues that originated from waste discharges, their potential sources along with possible sustainable solutions.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Water crisis has been emerged as major environmental issues at global level, which involves lack of cost-effective and efficient treatment facilities of wastewater and scarcity of drinking water. ...Commercially available technologies such as RO plants are too expensive to be used in rural areas or remote areas that lack of reliable power supply. Therefore, application of solar energy for water purification such as solar still is gaining much interest due to their efficient utilization for residential and commercial application for the treatment of saline as well as industrial wastewater. Presently, research work for the efficient design with productivity enhancement of the solar still is very much popular and focused area of work. This review article provides the technological advancements in different designs of solar still (active and passive) with the productivity of water. The assessment of thermal energy storage materials and the use of nanofluids for the energy and productivity enhancement for better utilization of solar still are discussed. Another aspect of this review article deals with the utilization of wastewater (industrial and non-portable) in solar still and their treatment applicability. It can be concluded from the present review article that the use of phase change materials and nanomaterials improves the heat transfer rate and productivity of solar still and makes it very effective for industrial use.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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