Pokus s različitim varijantama suzbijanja korova u usjevu kukuruza proveden je u 2021. godini na lokaciji pored naselja Markovo Polje na praškasto ilovastom tlu. Primijenjene su tri varijante ...suzbijanja korova: 1. mehaničko suzbijanje korova između redova kukuruza motokultivatorom, a unutar redova ručno okopavanje motikom, 2. mehaničko suzbijanje korova samo između redova kukuruza motokultivatorom bez suzbijanja unutar redova, 3. bez ikakvog suzbijanja korova. Na pokusnom polju je pronađeno 14 različitih vrsta korova od kojih su prevladavali Amaranthus retroflexus (običan štir), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ambrozija), Chenopodium album (bijela loboda) i Sorghum halepense (divlji sirak). Najmanja zakorovljenost pokusnih parcela očekivano je bila na parcelama gdje je primijenjena varijanta 1 suzbijanja korova, kod varijante 2 je prosječna masa korova po 1 m2 bila 223%, a kod varijante 3 čak 334% veća u odnosu na varijantu 1. Prinosi kukuruza su bili obrnuto proporcionalni sa zakorovljenosti pokusnih parcela, najviši prinosi su ostvareni kod varijante 1 s prosjekom od 6015 kg ha-1, kod varijante 2 prosječni prinos je bio 2907 kg ha-1, a kod varijante 3 1242 kg ha-1. Kombinacija mehaničkog suzbijanja korova i ručnog okopavanja može biti alternativa korištenju herbicida na manjim obiteljskim gospodarstvima i u ekološkom uzgoju kukuruza.
An experiment with different variants of weed control in the maize crop was carried out in 2021 at a location next to the Markovo Polje settlement on silty loam soil. Three variants of weed control were applied: 1. mechanical weed control between the maize rows with a motocultivator and manual hoeing within the rows, 2. mechanical weed control only between the maize rows with a motocultivator without control within the rows, 3. without any control of weeds. In the experimental field, 14 different types of weeds were found, of which Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album and Sorghum halepense prevailed. As expected, the lowest weed infestation of the experimental plots was on the plots where variant 1 of weed control was applied, in variant 2 the average mass of weeds per 1 m2 was 223%, and in variant 3 it was even 334% higher compared to variant 1. Maize yields were inversely proportional to the weed infestation of the experimental plots, the highest yields were achieved in variant 1 with an average of 6015 kg ha-1, in variant 2 the average yield was 2907 kg ha-1, and in variant 3 1242 kg ha-1. The combination of mechanical weed control and manual hoeing can be an alternative to the use of herbicides on smaller family farms and in organic maize production.
Suzbijanje korova jedan je od najvažnijih čimbenika u svim poljoprivrednim biljnim proizvodnjama, a osobito u ratarskoj proizvodnji zbog velikih površina na kojima se ona odvija. Nakon otkrića visoko ...učinkovitih herbicida suzbijanje korova u poljoprivredi godinama se provodilo gotovo isključivo kemijskim metodama, ali intenzivna uporaba kemijskih sredstava je rezultirala značajnim negativnim učincima na okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje. Veliki napredak u elektronici i računalnim tehnologijama te razvoj sustava za navođenje vozila zajedno s uvođenjem precizne poljoprivrede su otvorili mogućnost korištenja robota u suzbijanju korova. Posljednjih godina su razvijeni robotski sustavi s različitim metodama suzbijanja korova kao što su selektivna kemijska aplikacija, mehaničko uklanjanje korova, korištenje plamena, pare, električnog pražnjenja i lasera. U radu su navedeni primjeri različitih izvedbi robota za suzbijanje korova.
Weed control is one of the most important factors in all agricultural plant productions, but especially in arable production due to the large areas where it takes place. After the discovery of highly effective herbicides, weed control in agriculture has been carried out for years almost exclusively by chemical methods, but the intensive use of herbicides has resulted with the serious negative effects on the environment and human health. Rapid advances in electronics, computers and computer technologies and the development of vehicle guidance systems together with the introduction of precision agriculture have opened the possibility of using robotic systems in weed control. In recent years, many robotic weed control systems have been developed with different weed control methods such as selective chemical application, mechanical weed removal, using flame, steam electric discharge and laser. Examples of different versions of robots for weed control are presented in this paper.
Industrial revolution and modernization of agriculture in Croatia and Slavonia began in mid-19
century and evolved at a slower pace compared to the other countries of the Austrian Empire. The main ...reasons were lack of capital, shortage of good river- and land traffic routes, slowness in the construction of railways, slowness in the introduction of steam engines, lack of skilled workforce and extensive farming. The second agricultural crisis in Europe, which lasted from 1873 until 1895, motivated large holdings in Croatia and Slavonia to introduce steam engines and machines for the purpose of rationalization of agricultural production. Locomobiles were mostly represented on holdings with over 575.5 ha. The then country of Slavonia, as an eminently agrarian region and the main source of wheat was leader in the use of steam engines, steam ploughs and steam-powered machines in agriculture. The locomobile was used in agriculture until the mid-20
century and was discontinued with the growing use of tractors with internal combustion engine and the use of combine harvesters. Until 1918, Croatian lands were a part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
Energetske kulture su sve kulture koje se uzgajaju s krajnjim ciljem proizvodnje energije, a karakterizira ih visok prinos po jedinici površine, niska agrotehnička ulaganja te mogućnost konverzije u ...različite oblike biogoriva. Kako bi se smanjila potrošnja primarne energije, a povećala efikasnost proizvodnje i prikupljana biomase energetskih kultura, u novije vrijeme je poseban naglasak stavljen na razvoj suvremene mehanizacije. Proizvođači nude različita tehnička i tehnološka rješenja, a cilj ovoga rada je predstaviti značajnije trendove razvoja poljoprivredne mehanizacije za žetvu i prikupljanje energetskih kultura.
Energy crops are all crops that are grown with the ultimate goal of energy production, and are characterized by high yield per unit area, low agro-technical investments and the possibility of conversion into various forms of biofuels. In order to reduce the consumption of primary energy, and increase the efficiency of production and collection of biomass of energy crops, in recent times, special emphasis has been placed on the development of modern mechanization. Producers offer various technical and technological solutions, and the aim of this paper is to present the possibility of development and using field mechanization in the harvest of energy crops in the process of biomass production.
The agricultural biomass classification includes the biomass obtained from fast growing energy crops. One of these crops is the perennial grass Miscanthus x giganteus, which after the third and ...fourth year of plantation forms a high-density stand with exceptionally high and firm shoots. Thus, special emphasis should be put on the harvesting systems. For Miscanthus harvesting, haymaking and silage making machinery is mainly used by applying single-phase or multi-phase techniques. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the Miscanthus x giganteus biomass harvesting systems with regard to the form of harvested biomass, either shredded or/and baled biomass. In addition to application of fertilizers, biomass harvest is the only agro-technical measure that is used when a plantation reaches full maturity and it should be applied with the lowest possible energy input and biomass loss. Due to increased interest in production of energy from Miscanthus x giganteus biomass, the existing machinery is being adjusted to these new requirements and new specialised machines are being developed.
Prije sedam godina (2016. godine) u Republici Hrvatskoj uvedeno je obavezno testiranje uređaja i strojeva za aplikaciju pesticida. Ispitivanje tehničke ispravnosti uređaja i strojeva provodi se svake ...3 godine u ovlaštenim ispitnim stanicama. Prema dosadašnjim podacima stanje tehničke ispravnosti uređaja i strojeva u RH prije sedam godina bilo je nezadovoljavajuće (loše). Međutim 2022. godine utvrđeno je da je prilikom testiranja bilo preko 88% ispravnih strojeva, bez obzira što je prosječna starost strojeva preko 21 godinu. U radu su putem Fitosanitarnog informacijskog sustava i analizom rezultata testiranja prikazani podaci o broju orošivača, prosječnoj starosti, proizvođaču, tipu stroja i najčešćim kvarovima.
Seven years ago (in 2016), compulsory testing of machines for pesticide application was introduced in the Republic of Croatia. Testing of the technical correctness of machines is carried out every 3 years in authorized testing stations. According to the data so far, the technical condition of machines in the Republic of Croatia seven years ago was unsatisfactory. However, in 2022, it was determined that during the testing, over 88% of the machines were technical in order, regardless of the fact that the average age of the machines is over 21 years. In the paper, data on the number of mist-blowers, average age, manufacturer, type of machine and the most common malfunctions is obtained through the Phytosanitary Information System and the analysis of test results.
Unazad dvadesetak godina na području Pitomače i Virovitice se intenzivirao uzgoj ljekovitog bilja, a posebno kamilice. Tako da je Republika Hrvatska jedna od najvećih proizvođača ljekovitog bilja u ...Europi. Najviše se izvozi u Italiju, Njemačku i skandinavske zemlje. Potvrđeno je da je ljekovito bilje (a tako i kamilica) najkvalitetnija u ovom dijelu Europe. U radu je prikazana suvremena linija strojeva i opreme za berbu i doradu kamilice.
In the last twenty years, the cultivation of medicinal herbs, especially chamomile, has intensified in the area of Pitomača and Virovitica. Thus, the Republic of Croatia is one of the largest producers of medicinal plants in Europe. It is mostly exported to Italy, Germany and Scandinavian countries. It has been confirmed that medicinal herbs (and so chamomile) are the highest quality in this part of Europe. The paper presents a modern line of machines and equipment for harvesting and dorado chamomile.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of housing system on the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs. A total of ...240 eggs were collected from Japanese quails kept in two different housing systems: cage housing and aviary housing system (120 eggs from each housing system). Eggs from cage housing system were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than eggs from aviary housing system (11.85 g vs. 10.93 g), and were also longer, wider and had significantly (P<0.05) larger geometric mean diameter, surface area and volume. No statistically significant difference in albumen and yolk content was observed between eggs from cage and aviary housing system. Eggs from aviary housing system had significantly higher shell content and shell strength and required greater force to eggshell breaking. The average force required to breaking the shell of Japanese quail eggs from cage and aviary housing system in all three axes was 14.36 N and 12.70 N, respectively.
The aim of this study was to compare physical, morphological and mechanical characteristics of eggs collected from two duck breeds (Pekin duck and Cherry Valley duck). A total sample of 120 eggs (60 ...eggs of each duck breed) was collected from one-year-old free range raised ducks. The Cherry Valley duck eggs were significantly heavier (94.23 vs. 71.91 g) than Pekin ducks (P<0.01), had larger dimensions and higher shape index (73.80 vs. 70.16). There was no statistical difference between egg specific gravity. According to egg components proportion, the Cherry Valley duck eggs had higher percentage of albumen, while the Peking duck eggs had higher percentages of yolk and shell. The Pekin duck eggs had significantly higher yolk to albumen ratio and Haugh unit value (P<0.01). The average force required to rupture Cherry Valley duck eggs in all three axes (50.32 N) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than average force required to rupture Pekin duck eggs (42.64 N). The highest egg rupture force at both duck breeds tested in this study was determined in loading along the X-front axis, while the least resistance to rupture force was determined along the Z-axis.
Umjetna inteligencija (AI) i strojno učenje (ML ) sve su prisutniji u poljoprivrednom sektoru pa tako i u proizvodnji krmnih smjesa, gdje omogućuju proizvođačima optimizaciju procesa proizvodnje, ...smanjenje troškova i poboljšanje učinkovitosti. Implementacija nelinearnih modela, poput umjetnih neuronskih mreža (UNM ), u ovoj domeni omogućava prepoznavanje uzoraka i rješavanje kompleksnih problema povezanih s krmnim smjesama. Primjena UNM u tehnologiji proizvodnje krmnih smjesa, uz ispravno odabranu strukturu, algoritme učenja i prijenosne funkcije, omogućava naprednu optimizaciju procesa, uključujući upravljanje proizvodnim postrojenjem, skladištenje i transport sirovina. Ovi modeli pružaju nove mogućnosti za poboljšanje kvalitete krajnjeg proizvoda, uzimajući u obzir sve faktore koji na nju utječu. Kroz ovu prilagodbu, AI pruža alate za brzo i učinkovito donošenje odluka, što rezultira poboljšanom automatizacijom i učinkovitosti u proizvodnji krmnih smjesa.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly present in agriculture, particularly in the production of feed mixtures, where they enable producers to optimize production processes, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. The implementation of nonlinear models, such as artificial neural networks (UNM), in this field enables pattern recognition and the solution of complex problems related to feed mixtures. The application of UNM in the technology of feed mixture production, with a properly chosen structure, learning algorithms and transfer functions, allows advanced optimization of the process, including the management of the production plant, storage and transportation of materials. These models offer new opportunities to improve the quality of the final product, taking into account all the factors that influence it. Through this customization, AI provides tools for fast and efficient decision making, leading to improved automation and efficiency in compound feed production.