We present simulations of the magnetized interstellar medium (ISM) in models of massive star-forming (40 M sub(middot in circle) yr super(-1)) disk galaxies with high gas surface densities ( capital ...sigma sub(gas) ~ 100 M sub(middot in circle) pc super(-2)) similar to observed star-forming high-redshift disks. We assume that type II supernovae deposit 10% of their energy into the ISM as cosmic rays (CRs) and neglect the additional deposition of thermal energy or momentum. With a typical Galactic diffusion coefficient for CRs (3 x 10 super(28) cm super(2) s super(-1)), we demonstrate that this process alone can trigger the local formation of a strong low-density galactic wind maintaining vertically open field lines. Driven by the additional pressure gradient of the relativistic fluid, the wind speed can exceed 10 super(3) km s super(-1), much higher than the escape velocity of the galaxy. The global mass loading, i.e., the ratio of the gas mass leaving the galactic disk in a wind to the star formation rate, becomes of order unity once the system has settled into an equilibrium. We conclude that relativistic particles accelerated in supernova remnants alone provide a natural and efficient mechanism to trigger winds similar to observed mass-loaded galactic winds in high-redshift galaxies. These winds also help in explaining the low efficiencies for the conversion of gas into stars in galaxies, as well as the early enrichment of the intergalactic medium with metals. This mechanism may be at least of similar importance to the traditionally considered momentum feedback from massive stars and thermal and kinetic feedback from supernova explosions.
We present the "Galaxy Cluster Merger Catalog." This catalog provides an extensive suite of mock observations and related data for N-body and hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy cluster mergers and ...clusters from cosmological simulations. These mock observations consist of projections of a number of important observable quantities in several different wavebands, as well as along different lines of sight through each simulation domain. The web interface to the catalog consists of easily browsable images over epoch and projection direction, as well as download links for the raw data and a JS9 interface for interactive data exploration. The data are presented within a consistent format so that comparison between simulations is straightforward. All of the data products are provided in the standard Flexible Image Transport System file format. The data are being stored on the yt Hub (http://hub.yt), which allows for remote access and analysis using a Jupyter notebook server. Future versions of the catalog will include simulations from a number of research groups and a variety of research topics related to the study of interactions of galaxy clusters with each other and with their member galaxies. The catalog is located at http://gcmc.hub.yt.
We report on measurements of hadron yields in proton-carbon interactions at 31 GeV/c recorded by the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN. Results aim to improve the precision of flux predictions for the ...T2K long baseline neutrino experiment in Japan. Recent measurements based on the 2009 data have reduced uncertainties and extend the kinematic coverage in momentum and polar angle. Results cover the full phase-space of importance to T2K.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) does not influence the expression of genes involved in thyroid hormones synthesis.•Exposure to AgNPs affect expression of genes engaged in thyroid hormones ...metabolism.•Exposure to AgNPs elevates plasma T3 following DIO2 upregulation in the liver.•Hepatocytes play a protective role against excess plasma T3 by MCT10 downregulation.
The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products and animal husbandry raises the need to study their impact on living organisms. This study was conducted on Hy-Line Brown hens at the age of 25 weeks with an average weight of 1.58 kg. Hens for 2 weeks received a solution of 50 nm AgNPs at a concentration of 100 pm (experimental group; n = 6) or a solution in which the nanoparticles were suspended (control group; n = 6). Thyroid hormones (thyroxine – T4, triiodothyronine – T3) were evaluated in the blood plasma and expression profiles of genes involved in thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis (TSHR, NIS, TPO, TG), metabolism (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3) and transport (MCT8, MCT10, LAT1) were determined in the chicken thyroid gland. Furthermore, iodothyronine deiodinase, TH transporter and TH receptor (THRA, THRB) mRNA expressions were evaluated in the livers isolated from the same chickens. AgNPs did not affect serum T4 levels but elevated serum T3 concentration. The results showed that AgNPs increased DIO3 mRNA in the thyroid gland. In turn, in the liver AgNPs administration significantly upregulated DIO2 and downregulated MCT10 mRNA levels. These results indicate that exposure to AgNPs leads to a tissue-specific alternative expression of genes engaged in TH metabolism. Moreover, the mRNA expression of DIO2 in the liver showed a positive correlation with plasma T3 levels. In conclusion, AgNPs may have an impact on TH metabolism by affecting deiodinases and TH transporter MCT10 mRNA expression.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Progesterone (P4) affects luteal cell function through nuclear P4 receptors and via nongenomic mechanisms, presumably involving membrane P4 receptors. There are 2 types of these receptors: ...progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) and membrane progestin receptor (mPR), including mPR alpha (mPRα), beta (mPRβ), and gamma (mPRγ), which belong to the progestin and adipoQ receptor family (PAQR 7, 8, and 5, respectively). The aim of this study was to evaluate mRNA expression, protein expression, and localization of mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) on days 2–5, 6–10, 11–16, and 17–20 of the estrous cycle as well as on weeks 3–5, 6–8, and 9–12 of pregnancy (n = 5/each period). The highest mPRα mRNA expression was found on days 11–16 (P < 0.05) and 17–20 (P < 0.001) of the estrous cycle compared with other stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The mPRβ mRNA level was highest (P < 0.01) on days 11–20 of the estrous cycle and in all stages of pregnancy. mPRγ mRNA expression was highest (P < 0.001) on days 17–20 of the estrous cycle and also during weeks 9–12 of pregnancy compared with the other stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Only the mPRα protein was changed during the estrous cycle; there were no significant differences in protein expression of mPRβ and mPRγ during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Immunostaining for the mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ proteins was detectable in the CL sections at all stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Strong positive staining was observed in small luteal cells; this reaction was less evident in large luteal cells. All proteins were also localized in endothelial cells of blood vessels. The obtained data indicate variable expression of mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ in bovine CL during the estrous cycle and first trimester of pregnancy and suggest that P4 may be involved in the regulation of CL function via these membrane receptors during both the estrous cycle and pregnancy.
•mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ mRNA and protein are expressed in the bovine CL.•mRNA expression of mPRs changed during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy.•mPR proteins are localized mainly in the small luteal cells but also in the large luteal cells.•mPRs proteins are presented also in the endothelium of the blood vessels of the CL.•P4 may act on CL cells by binding to mPRs in luteal cells and by regulating blood flow in CL.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Purpose
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after walking age is difficult to treat. Dega pelvic osteotomy is combined with open reduction and femoral osteotomy to obtain concentric stable ...reduction with good coverage of the femoral head. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of the Dega osteotomy in the treatment of DDH in two different age groups.
Methods
A total of 45 patients (52 hips) with a mean age of 3.9 years (1.2 to 12.8) were treated with open reduction, Dega osteotomy and femoral osteotomy. There were 38 dislocated and 14 subluxated hips. Bilateral DDH was observed in seven female patients. Radiographic parameters included acetabular index, centre-edge angle of Wiberg and migration percentage. The final radiographic outcome was evaluated according to the Severin classification.
Results
The mean follow-up period was four years (3 to 9). According to the Severin criteria 78.8% were types I or II whereas 21.2% showed types III or IV. There was no statistically significant difference in final outcome between children less than three years of age and older children at the time of surgery.
One hip in children with unilateral involvement had developed coxa magna, that interfered with hip concentricity. Three hips (5.8%) showed avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Conclusion
Dega osteotomy is a safe and adequate procedure for the management of developmental dysplasia of the hip in walking patients with low complication rates. Restoring the acetabulum to normal or nearly normal can result in good medium-term results.
Level of Evidence
III
Nuclear receptor coregulators include coactivators and corepressors which associate with the progesterone receptor (PGR) during its activation. Fluctuations in the transcription levels of their ...respective genes and subsequent protein production as well as in related activities for histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) can affect PGR function and thus change the action of progesterone (P4) in bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle. Endometrial tissue on days 2–5, 6–10, 11–16, and 17–20 of the estrous cycle was used for determination of the mRNA expression levels of coactivators P300, CREB, and SRC-1 along with corepressor NCOR-2 using Real-Time PCR, with protein levels by Western blot. Coregulators cellular localizations were assessed by immunohistochemistry whereas the activities of HAT and HDAC by using EIA. The highest levels of mRNA and proteins for all of the investigated coregulators, as well as the highest levels of activity for HAT and HDAC, were detected over days 2–16 of the estrous cycle. All of the tested coregulatory proteins were localized in the nuclei of endometrial cells. This research indicates the important role of coregulators of the PGR receptor in regulating P4 activity in endometrial cells, especially during the pre-implantation period.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Myometrium tissue shows the expression of non-genomic membrane progesterone (P4) receptors, such as progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMC) 1 and 2 and membrane progestin receptors (mPR) ...alpha (mPRα), beta (mPRβ), and gamma (mPRγ). Their variable expression in the bovine uterus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy suggests that ovarian steroids and luteotropic and/or luteolytic factors may regulate the expression of these receptors in the myometrium. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of P4, estradiol (E2), P4 with E2, prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2α, oxytocin (OT), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on the gene expression of PGRMC1, PGRMC2, serpine-1 mRNA-binding protein (SERBP1), and mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ in bovine myometrial cells from days 6 to 10 and 11 to 16 of the estrous cycle. The PGE2 concentration and mRNA expression were determined by EIA and real-time PCR, respectively. The data indicated that P4 and E2 can affect the mRNA expression of all studied receptors and SERPB1. However, PGE2, OT, and TNFα could only modulate the expression of PGRMC1, PGRMC2, and SERPB1, respectively. Steroids/factors changed the expression of PGRMC and mPR genes depending on the dose, the stage of the estrous cycle, and the types of receptors. This suggests that the local hormonal milieu may influence the activity of these receptors and P4 action in myometrial cells during the estrous cycle.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Context. We present the latest result of the TAPAS project that is devoted to intense monitoring of planetary candidates that are identified within the PennState-Torun planet search. Aims. We aim to ...detect planetary systems around evolved stars to be able to build sound statistics on the frequency and intrinsic nature of these systems, and to deliver in-depth studies of selected planetary systems with evidence of star-planet interaction processes. Methods. The paper is based on precise radial velocity measurements: 13 epochs collected over 1920 days with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and its High-Resolution Spectrograph, and 22 epochs of ultra-precise HARPS-N data collected over 961 days. Results. We present a warm-Jupiter (T sub(eq)= 1350 K, m sub(2) sin i= 5.4 + or - 0.4 M sub(J)) companion with an orbital period of 26.468 days in a circular (e= 0.036) orbit around a giant evolved (logg= 3.11 + or - 0.09, R= 6.26 + or - 0.86 R sub(middot in circle)) star with Mlow *= 1.87 + or - 0.17 M sub(middot in circle). This is the most massive and oldest star found to be hosting a close-in giant planet. Its proximity to its host (a= 0.21 au) means that the planet has a 13.9 + or - 2.0% probability of transits; this calls for photometric follow-up study. Conclusions. This massive warm Jupiter with a near circular orbit around an evolved massive star can help set constraints on general migration mechanisms for warm Jupiters and, given its high equilibrium temperature, can help test energy deposition models in hot Jupiters.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
Progesterone receptor (PGR) for its action required connection of the coregulatory proteins, including coactivators and corepressors. The former group exhibits a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) ...activity, while the latter cooperates with histone deacetylase (HDAC). Regulations of the coregulators mRNA and protein and HAT and HDAC activity can have an indirect effect on the PGR function and thus progesterone (P4) action on target cells. The highest mRNA expression levels for the coactivators-histone acetyltransferase p300 (
), cAMP response element-binding protein (
), and steroid receptor coactivator-1 (
)-and nuclear receptor corepressor-2 (
) were found in the corpus luteum (CL) on days 6 to 16 of the estrous cycle. The CREB protein level was higher on days 2-10, whereas SRC-1 and NCOR-2 were higher on days 2-5. The activity of HAT and HDAC was higher on days 6-10 of the estrous cycle. All of the coregulators were localized in the nuclei of small and large luteal cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the examined coactivators and corepressor changed with the P4 level. Thus, P4 may regulate CL function via the expression of coregulators, which probably affects the activity of the PGR.
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