In shared decision making (SDM) patients and physicians make treatment decisions together based on the best available evidence and the values and preferences of patients. SDM is very suitable for ...use in dermatological practice, but is infrequently applied by dermatologists. To support the application of SDM in dermatology we developed Decision Cards: 1-page overviews of possible treatment options, for use during a patient–physician consultation. Decision Cards provide answers to patients’ most frequently asked questions, based on (inter)national guidelines, Summary of Product Characteristics, relevant literature, and clinical expertise. Three evidence-based Decision Cards were developed: 1 for biologicals or apremilast in psoriasis, and 2 for atopic eczema (1 for topical, photo- or systemic therapy, and 1 for systemic therapy only). More cards for psoriasis are currently in development. Patients, dermatologists and researchers collaborated in the development of the Decision Cards. This paper shares the framework used for the development of the Decision Cards, in order to support others in the development process.
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The Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium provides an invaluable reference to a wide range of fields in applied phycology. Papers cover topics as diverse as the systematics, ...ecology, physiology, integrated multitrophic aquaculture, commercial applications, carbohydrate chemistry and applications, harvesting biology, cultivation of seaweeds and microalgae and more. Contributions from all parts of the world give the volume exceptional relevance in an increasingly global scientific and commercial climate. Like its predecessors, this volume provides a benchmark of progress in all fields of applied seaweed science and management, and will be referred to for many years to come.
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Hybridization of
Alaria esculenta
and
A. praelonga
(Phaeophyceae. Laminariales, Alariaceae) resulted in successful and healthy progeny. Morphological characters, relative growth rates and Rubisco ...spacer sequences of hybrids were compared with the parental plants. The results show that hybrids inherit the morphological characters from the
A. praelonga
gametophytes, indicating that these characters are not sex-linked and are dominant. The relative growth rates were significantly different among the F
1
, with the
A. esculenta
self-cross progeny showing the fastest relative growth rate for length compared to the other cross combinations. The
A. praelonga
self-cross progeny also grew significantly faster than the progeny from hybrid crosses, which did not differ significantly from each other. The
A. esculenta
and
A. praelonga
self-cross F
1
did not differ significantly in relative growth rate for width. Hybrid progeny showed a significant slower relative growth rate for width, compared to the
A. esculenta
self-cross progeny but did not differ significantly from each other. A comparison of Rubisco spacer sequence alignments showed that the Rubisco spacer is inherited via the female gametophyte in
Alaria
, which is in accordance with results found in other members of the Laminariales. Chloroplast DNA is probably inherited maternally in all Laminariales. Analysis of the Rubisco sequences revealed one mutation in the large subunit in the female
A. esculenta
× male
A. praelonga
hybrid. Effects of this mutation on the amino acid coded are discussed.
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The halogenated natural product previously named mixed-halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1) was isolated from the red seaweed
Plocamium cartilagineum harvested in Helgoland, Germany. A total of 1.9
mg of ...pure MHC-1 was obtained from 1
g air-dried seaweed. The
1H and
13C NMR data matched those reported for a natural monoterpene isolated from this species. Thus, the structure of MHC-1 was established to be (1
R,2
S,4
R,5
R,1′
E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(2′-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane. Moreover, the isolated monoterpene proved to be identical with the compound previously detected in marine mammals and fish from different locations. In addition we examined two samples of
P. cartilagineum from Ireland and from the Antarctic; however MHC-1 was only present at low levels. Not only the concentrations were lower but also the pattern of polybrominated compounds differed from MHC-1. A calibrated solution of MHC-1 was used to determine correct concentrations from samples where previously only estimates existed relative to the gas chromatography–electron capture detector (GC/ECD) response of
trans-chlordane, which underrated the MHC-1 concentrations by more than factor 2. The highest MHC-1 concentration determined to date in marine mammals is 0.14
mg
kg
−1 blubber. Significantly higher MHC-1 concentrations were determined in farmed fish with up to 2.2
mg
kg
−1 lipids. The samples with high concentrations of MHC-1 have in common that they were collected in proximity of the natural habitats of
P. cartilagineum.
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A diverse seaweed industry has developed in Ireland over the past few decades. The seaweed industry today comprises several sectors, such as biopolymers, agriculture/horticulture, cosmetics, ...thalassotherapy and human consumption, with the former two sectors being of most economic importance. Approximately sixteen seaweed species are commercially utilised, three of which are of particular commercial importance. These are the calcified red algae, referred to as maërl, which mainly comprises of two species (Phymatolithon calcareum and Lithothamnion corallioides) and are exploited by a single company for agricultural, horticultural, food and cosmetic applications. The other bulk species is the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, which is used for alginate extraction and agriculture/horticulture applications. The latter species sustains an industry, which is an important factor in contributing to the maintenance of coastal communities especially in rural areas of the west coast, particularly in the Gaeltacht of Connemara (Guiry 1997, National Seaweed Forum, 2000).Mechanical harvesting of seaweeds in Ireland is limited to the exploitation of maërl. At present, one company has a licence to harvest calcified algae in the south-west of Ireland (Bantry Bay) with 8,000 - 10,000 wet tonnes of maërl being extracted from the seabed annually in recent years. The supply of raw material for the Ascophyllum-processing industry as well as for the other industrial sectors relies on harvesters who harvest the seaweed by hand. Although hand-harvesting provides a source of employment in rural areas along the west coast, the age profile is increasing and the numbers of harvesters are declining due to insufficient recruitment of younger harvesters (National Seaweed Forum 2000; Kelly et al. 2001). With growing demands for seaweeds, it is uncertain whether hand-harvesting will provide sufficient raw material in the long-term.The National Seaweed Forum has evaluated the current state of the Irish Seaweed Industry. The forum was launched by the Minister for Marine and Natural Resources in 1999 and consists of 19 members from state agencies, third-level institutions and industry. In the final report (National Seaweed Forum, 2000) it was stated that the natural sustainable seaweed resources in Ireland are under-utilised and the industrial potential, including high-value applications, has not been fully realised. The National Seaweed Forum identified two key areas as being crucial to the development of the Irish seaweed industry:1) Seaweed aquaculture was assumed to provide the most cost-effective method to meet growing market demand with high-quality seaweed for specific sectors such as human consumption, cosmetics and biotechnology. Additionally, a seaweed aquaculture industry is expected to create attractive and high-skilled jobs, especially in peripheral communities in coastal areas. This is based on the fact that seaweeds of interest to high quality applications are often not bulk species, which are easy to harvest in large amounts. Therefore, with cultivation you strongly increase volume/area, which facilitates harvesting and also standardises quality. Cultivation of a bulk species such as kelp is economically not feasible in Europe.2) The development and introduction of harvesting machinery suitable for Irish conditions was thought to have a significant impact on the expansion of a viable Irish seaweed industry. As a measure to ensure long-term continuity of raw-material supply of bulk species (e.g. A. nodosum, Laminaria species) the investigation of mechanical harvesting techniques with emphasis on sustainability and environmental impact were prioritised as an R&D area (National Seaweed Forum, 2000).An initial comprehensive study of hand and mechanical harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum, including an environmental impact assessment, was conducted in the late 1990s (Kelly et al., 2001). In this study, a device similar to the Norwegian Ascophyllum cutter (a flat-bottomed boat fitted with a Vaughan vertical wet-well chopper pump) was used. When hand and mechanical harvesting were compared, there was no significant difference in environmental impact caused by the two methods, but mechanical harvesting was found to be less effective and more expensive than hand harvesting.At present, kelp species in Ireland such as L. digitata, L. saccharina and Alaria esculenta, are harvested by hand but only in small amounts. This means that the natural sustainable resources of kelps of Irish shores are under-utilised. Due to the economic importance of L. digitata and L. hyperborea for alginate extraction and the growing demand for kelp by the phycocolloid and other industries, the introduction of mechanical harvesting is currently being considered for Ireland. Mechanised harvesting enables the harvester to remove large amounts of biomass from an area in a relatively short time. It is therefore essential to develop a suitable management scheme to ensure sustainable exploitation of natural resources and continuous integrity of marine habitats.The objective of the present study is to provide an extensive literature review on kelp research, harvesting and resource management as essential background knowledge for the development of an appropriate management strategy for Ireland. The report addresses the following topics:• Biology of kelps• Biodiversity of kelp forests and ecological significance of kelps• Commercial kelp harvesting in France and Norway (methods, management and environmental impact)• Investigations of kelp in Ireland (Growth rates, biomass, biodiversity of kelp beds, regeneration potential, kelp resources)• Legal framework for seaweed harvesting in Ireland• Conclusions and recommendations
Seaweeds are used in many maritime countries as a source of food, for industrial applications and as a fertiliser. Industrial utilisation is at present largely confined to extraction for phycolloids ...and, to a much lesser extent, certain fine biochemicals. Seaweeds have the potential to be used as a source of long- and short-chain chemicals with functional food, medicinal and industrial uses. Obviously it is of major importance to taxonomically recognize the species one is dealing with as lookalike species may have less desirable compounds or have a complete different chemical make-up. Besides blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), euglenophytes, charophytes, diatoms, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes there are globally about 1200 chlorophytes or green algal, 1750 phaeophytes or brown algal and 6000 rhodophytes or red algal species. One way to disseminate information on this natural resource to the public is through AlgaeBase, a database of information on algae that includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater organisms. Currently AlgaeBase contains 123,508 species and infraspecific names, 6,845 images, 42,225 bibliographic items, and 147,275 distributional records. Besides taxonomic information it includes in many cases industrial and other applications, nutritional aspects and other useful information such as distribution. The usefulness of AlgaeBase as a dissemination tool will be presented together with some personal views on dissemination of information on algae for functional food and other purposes.
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Under phase II of the Marine Research Measure several field trials were performed with five biogeographical dispersed North Atlantic strains and their hybrids of the edible brown alga Alaria ...esculenta at Ard Bay, Carna, Co. Galway. The weight, length, width, biomass per meter rope, growth rate and protein level were measured.The fastest-growing crosses were produced with female Norway gametophytes together with male gametophytes of other strains. The Canadian selfcross produced most biomass of over 45 kg per meter rope. The female Iceland x male Ireland crossing produced the second highest biomass figure of 13.75 kg wet weight per meter rope, while the Irish self cross using a strain from the Aran Islands produced 7.4 kg wet weight per meter.The Canadian selfcross expressed the highest protein level followed by the female Newfoundland x male Norway hybrid. These strains and hybrids are well suited to be included in a protein rich macro-herbivore diet. The Irish native strain showed a lower protein level of 8% of the wet weight.Genetic fingerprinting using RFLPs did not show any genetic differences amongst the strains in respect of the DNA examined. A detailed sequencing study on the Rubisco spacer region showed a negligible 3 bp difference between the Irish and Canadian strainsIn conclusion, the Canadian strain or hybrids derived from female Canada gametophytes or female Iceland gametophytes produce more biomass per meter rope and grow larger and wider in size compared to the native Irish strain. They Canadian strain also showed the highest protein values in the field trials and hence are most suited to be applied in Irish aquaculture of the brown seaweed Alaria esculenta.
The genus Alaria presently includes 12 species, 11 of which are located in the cold temperate North Pacific and only one is found in the North Atlantic (Widdowson, 1971). The North Atlantic species ...Alaria esculenta has two northern forms, A. esculenta forma grandifolia and forma pylaii (Lüning, 1990). The study presented here will concentrate on the genetic fingerprinting of Alaria esculenta, the most common North Atlantic species, and hybridisation of members of the Laminariaceae.
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