We propose to build a Flexible Stellarator Physics Facility to explore promising regions of the vast parameter space of disruption-free stellarator solutions for Fusion Pilot Plants (FPPs).
AIM To evaluate the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) for the treatment of uveitis. METHODS Uveitis was induced in monkeys by immunisation with human retinal S-antigen. Starting at ...the onset of disease, the animals were treated with IL-13 at 25 μg/kg, or vehicle control, injected subcutaneously once a day for 28 days. Intraocular inflammation was scored by indirect ophthalmoscopy for a period of 56 days. Circulating leucocyte levels were monitored. RESULTS Uveitis started unilaterally in all but one animal. IL-13 inhibited inflammation both in the eyes in which the disease was present when the treatment was initiated (p=0.0001), and in the contralateral initially negative eyes (p=0.0001). After cessation of therapy, there was a progressive increase of inflammation in the IL-13 treated group. However, the beneficial effect of IL-13 extended into the 4 week follow up period. IL-13 produced an increase in circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Administration of IL-13 appears to be a promising modality of treatment for severe uveitis.
Abstract
Investigations of particle parallel flow velocities have been carried out for the scrape-off layer (SOL) of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator, in order to gain insights on the SOL ...transport properties during attached and detached plasma scenarios. The experimental evidence is based on the coherence imaging spectroscopy (CIS) diagnostic, able to measure 2D impurity emission intensity and flow velocity. The impurity monitored by CIS is C
2+
, characterized by a line-emission intensity observed to be linearly proportional to the total plasma radiated power in both attached and detached plasmas. The related C
2+
velocity shows a strong dependence on the line-averaged electron density while remaining insensitive to the input power. During attached plasmas, the velocity increases with increasing line-averaged density. The tendency reverses in the transition to and during detachment, in which the velocity decreases by at least a factor of 2. The sharp drop in velocity, together with a rise in line-emission intensity, is reliably correlated to the detachment transition and can therefore be used as one of its signatures. The impurity flow velocity appears to be well coupled with the main ions’ one, thus implying the dominant role of impurity-main ion friction in the parallelimpurity transport dynamics. In view of this SOL impurity transport regime, the CIS measurement results are here interpreted with the help of EMC3-Eirene simulations, and their major trends are already explainable with a simple 1D fluid model.
•A new BES with large viewing area has been developed on HL-2A.•It has the best spatial resolution and SNR worldwide.•A novel fiber mount makes viewing area of each channel changeable.•Expanding of ...channel number is easy by means of inserting more fiber bundles.•It is helpful for turbulence researches.
A 32-channel Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic has been installed and operated on HL-2A tokamak. It covers a wide spatial range of 32 cm in the radial direction (from r=12cm/ρ=0.27 to r=44cm/ρ=0.98) and 27 cm in the poloidal direction (from -13.5 cm to +13.5 cm) inside the plasma, providing a capability of measuring density fluctuations in different spatial locations. It has high temporal resolution, 2 MHz, and good spatial resolution, about 1 cm in radial direction and 1.2 cm in poloidal direction. A 2D fiber mount with 135 slots is designed and installed on the curved image plane. Each slot corresponds to a different spatial location inside the plasma. BES channels can be placed in any slots as needed for desired spatial location measurement. More channels can be added up to 128 channels without re-designing collecting optical path & replacing optical components. First experimental results have demonstrated great performance of the system with high signal to noise ratio. Turbulence eddy dynamics can be measured and studied from 2D fast imaging. It will be a keen diagnostic in future plasma turbulence research on HL-2A.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Detailed 2D turbulence measurements from the DIII-D tokamak provide an explanation for how resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) raise the L-H power threshold \(P_\textrm{LH}\) P. Gohil et al., ...Nucl. Fusion 51, 103020 (2011) in ITER-relevant, low rotation, ITER-similar-shape plasmas with favorable ion \(\nabla B\) direction. RMPs simultaneously raise the turbulence decorrelation rate \(\Delta \omega_D\) and reduce the flow shear rate \(\omega_\textrm{shear}\) in the stationary L-mode state preceding the L-H transition, thereby disrupting the turbulence shear suppression mechanism. RMPs also reduce the Reynolds stress drive for poloidal flow, contributing to the reduction of \(\omega_\textrm{shear}\) On the ~100 {\mu}s timescale of the L-H transition, RMPs reduce Reynolds-stress-driven energy transfer from turbulence to flows by an order of magnitude, challenging the energy depletion theory for the L-H trigger mechanism. In contrast, non-resonant magnetic perturbations, which do not significantly affect \(P_\textrm{LH}\), do not affect \(\Delta \omega_D\) and only slightly reduce \(\omega_\textrm{shear}\) and Reynolds-stress-driven energy transfer.
Cardiac right-to-left shunts can be identified by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) with the use of different contrast agents and different ...provocation procedures. Currently, data on an appropriate time window for the appearance of contrast bubbles in the TCD recording after the injection of the contrast medium and the comparison of different provocation maneuvers to increase right-to-left shunting are insufficient.
Forty-six patients were investigated by both TEE and bilateral TCD of the middle cerebral artery. The following protocol with 6 injection modes was applied in a randomized way: (1) injection of 10 mL of agitated saline without Valsalva maneuver, (2) injection of 10 mL of agitated saline with Valsalva maneuver, (3) injection of 10 mL of a commercial galactose-based contrast agent (Echovist) without Valsalva maneuver, (4) injection of 10 mL of Echovist with Valsalva maneuver, (5) injection of 10 mL of Echovist with standardized Valsalva maneuver, and (6) injection of 10 mL of Echovist with coughing.
In 20 patients, a right-to-left shunt was demonstrated by TEE and contrast TCD (shunt-positive). Sixteen patients were negative in both investigations, no patient was positive on TEE and negative on TCD, and 10 patients were only positive on at least 1 TCD investigation but negative during TEE. The amount of microbubbles detected in the various tests decreased in the following order: Echovist and Valsalva maneuver, Echovist with coughing, Echovist and standardized Valsalva maneuver, saline with Valsalva maneuver, Echovist, and saline. With a time window of 20 to 25 seconds for the bubbles to appear in the TCD recording and with a sequence of first Echovist and Valsalva maneuver and then Echovist with coughing, all shunts were reliably identified with a specificity of 65% compared with TEE as the traditional gold standard. The time of first microbubble appearance was not helpful to distinguish between shunts detected on TEE and other shunts.
TCD performed twice with 2 provocation maneuvers using Echovist is a sensitive method to identify cardiac right-to-left shunts also identified by TEE.
Measurements of the poloidal electron density and temperature distribution in the W7-X island divertor reveal the existence of two distinct scrape-off layer transport regimes. At low and intermediate ...densities, \(T_e\) profiles across the magnetic island are hollow, with a minimum at the island O-point. Above a threshold density \(\overline{n}_e \approx 5 \times 10^{19}\) m\(^{-3}\), the local minimum vanishes and the \(T_e\) profiles become monotonic. At the lowest studied densities, the hollow \(T_e\) profiles imply an electrostatic field of up to \(\textbf{E}_r \sim 6\) kV/m, which can induce \(\textbf{E} \times \textbf{B}\) drifts around the island, with drift velocities of up to \(\sim3\) km/s. These \(\textbf{E} \times \textbf{B}\) drifts result in strong convective heat transport poloidally around the island, binormal to the magnetic field, which supports the hollow radial temperature profile and hence provides a positive feedback to the electric field. Above the threshold density, these drifts strongly diminish, presumably due to increased anomalous diffusion, which causes the profile hollowness and therefore also the radial electric field to strongly diminish. This argument is supported by comparison to EMC3-EIRENE modeling and an analytical transport analyses showing that an additional, non-diffusive transport channel is required to maintain the profile hollowness up to the densities seen in experiment, and that a poloidal drift transport channel supports such hollowness only up to certain densities.
Mycobacteriophage Superphikiman is a cluster J bacteriophage which was isolated from soil collected in Philadelphia, PA. Superphikiman has a 109,799-bp genome with 239 predicted genes, including 2 ...tRNA genes.
Computational models of cognition often exhibit complex dynamics that are difficult to discern without the use of visualization tools. Current tools often provide insight only to the modeling expert, ...however, and they provide limited functionality for communicating model dynamics to the nonexpert, as is needed during scientific presentations and in educational settings. We present NAV, the Node Activity Visualizer, an easy-to-use and portable software tool that interactively transforms the output of cognitive modeling simulators into presentation quality animations of model performance.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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