This study posits that executive attention can significantly influence the impacts of customer‐facing electronic business (e‐Business) systems on firm performance. Using the exploration–exploitation ...perspective (EEP) as an overarching theoretical framework, and the theoretical lens of attention‐based view (ABV), we develop an integrated model to provide insights into the impacts of customer‐facing e‐Business systems on firm performance. We categorize the capabilities of customer‐facing e‐Business systems into e‐Transaction and e‐CRM (customer relationship management) capabilities as exploitation and exploration capabilities, respectively. Further, following ABV, we conceptualize focused and expansive attentions as two different types of executive attention that also incorporate exploitation and exploration orientations. We hypothesize e‐Transaction and e‐CRM capabilities to have nuanced interactive effects with focused and expansive attention on firm performance measured using return on sales and Tobin's Q. We use a panel dataset with 484 firm‐year observations from 180 firms to test our hypotheses. We estimate our models using a two‐step generalized method of moments (GMM) approach to address issues relating to endogeneity, heteroskedasticity, and serial correlation, and to produce efficient estimates. The results provide broad support for the hypotheses and are robust to the alternative measurement of dependent variables, alternative econometric model specification, and potential endogeneity from omitted covariates. The integrated model developed and empirically validated in this study serves to provide a deeper understanding of the impacts of customer‐facing e‐Business systems on firm performance. The study also highlights the need for dual attention processes on the part of senior executives to fully realize the benefits offered by these systems.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Attention is shown to be an important antecedent in several strategic and information processing contexts both within and outside firm boundaries. We examine the key roles that attention plays in ...three distinct contexts in operations management (OM), and which involves extensive executive utilization and leveraging of information technology (IT) based capabilities. In the following three essays in this dissertation, we further understand the impacts of executive and external stakeholder attention on certain key performance outcomes of firms, which are important for maintaining sustained levels of competitive advantage.The first essay is set in the context of e-Business capabilities, and we examine the moderating roles of two distinct attention processes on the e-Business to firm performance relationship. Specifically, we address the research question: what roles do executive attention processes play in reinforcing the effects of e-Business capabilities on firm performance? We call these processes focused attention and expansive attention, and both of these processes are conceptualized based on managerial cognition literature. Data for the essay comes from the InformationWeek 500 and Compustat databases for the years from 2001–2003, and the final panel sample contained 491 observations from 183 unique firms. Based on extant OM and Marketing literature, we disaggregate e-Business capabilities into e-Business transaction (e-transaction) based and e-Business relationship (e-relationship) based capabilities. We hypothesize that focused attention and expansive attention moderate the relationship between e-transaction and accounting-based firm performance, measured by return on sales (ROS). We also hypothesize that both types of attention would moderate the relationships between e-relationship and market-based performance, measured by Tobin’s Q. Our results indicate that focused attention moderates the relationship between e-transaction to ROS. Both types of attention play moderating roles in the e-relationship to Tobin’s Q relationships. The study makes the following key contributions to the OM literature. We empirically demonstrate that the interactive effect of e-transaction and focused attention is positively associated with accounting-based firm performance, measured by ROS. The interactive effects of e-relationship and focused attention, and e-relationship and expansive attention, are positively associated with the market-based firm performance, measured by Tobin’s Q.The second essay examines the impact of executive attention in the context of firm omni-channel strategies. Firms usually design multiple channels for their customers, but research suggests that over time, firms should make conscious efforts to blur channel boundaries and hence create seamless customer transactions. Heterogeneity in individual and firm level capabilities can lead to differences in the timing and deployments of omni-channel strategies, which are considered an innovation in retailing by recent research. Two broad streams in the literature show that executive attention and board of director (BOD) heterogeneity have positive associations with firm level innovation. We seek to bring together these two important streams of literature in this study. Specifically, we investigate the interactive roles of two distinct executive attention foci, called external focus and internal focus, and BOD heterogeneity, on the speed of omni-channel development. Data for the essay comes from annual reports and Compustat for the years 2009 to 2018 from firms consistently placed in the Fortune list, which belong to the SIC divisions of Retail Trade and Manufacturing (G and D).The third essay is developed in the context of cause-related marketing (CM) initiatives and their performance. Such CM initiatives are a subset of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of the firm. Extant research on CSR shows that firm size and advertising intensity are factors that are associated with media attention to CM initiatives. Due to advancements in IT capabilities, firms can design multiple channels, including retail, online, mobile and social media channels to facilitate customer transactions. Such channel proliferation entails active firm efforts to provide information about these CM initiatives across multiple channels for customers, in order to facilitate their engagement with these initiatives. We use event-based attention theory to examine the effects of cross-channel capabilities, firm size, advertising intensity, and their interactions, on media attention to such CSR initiatives. We demonstrate that firm size plays a moderating role in the relationships between both advertising intensity and media attention of firm CM initiatives, and cross channel capabilities and media attention of firm CM initiatives. We also show that media attention of firm CM initiatives mediates the relationship between cross-channel capabilities and the performance of CM initiatives. Firm size is shown to play a moderating role in this mediating process. We find broad support for our hypotheses by performing empirical tests on a sample of 322 observations between the years 2009 and 2017 from 44 unique firms featured in the Fortune list.
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered uncommon in Asia. The aim of this study was to document the demographic characteristics and clinical aspects of ulcerative colitis (UC) and ...Crohn’s disease (CD) in Kerala, India.
Methods
A survey of IBD in Kerala was performed. All gastroenterologists in the region were invited. From May 2013 to October 2015, data were collected in a standardized pro-forma.
Results
Forty-seven doctors in 34 centers contributed data. A total of 2142 patients were analyzed. This is the largest state-wide survey of IBD in India. Ulcerative colitis was diagnosed in 1112 (38 new), Crohn’s disease in 980 (53 new), and 50 were unclassified (5 new). The district-wise distribution of IBD cases correlated with the District-wise Gross State Domestic Product (
r
= 0.69,
p
< 0.01). Three percent was below the age of 18. Patients with UC had more diarrhea (73% vs. 51%), bleeding PR (79% vs. 34%), and intermittent flares (35% vs. 13%) (all
p
< 0.01). Patients with CD had more abdominal pain (62% vs. 46%), weight loss (53% vs. 40%), fever (28% vs. 18%), and history of antituberculosis treatment (21% vs. 5%) (all
p
< 0.01). Compared to adults, children (below 18 years) were more likely to have extensive UC (58% vs. 34%,
p
< 0.01) and unclassified IBD (15% vs. 2%,
p
< 0.01).
Conclusion
Inflammatory bowel disease is common in Kerala, India. The disease characteristics of patients with IBD are almost similar to those from other parts of the country. Both UC and CD were seen in equal proportion in Kerala.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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