Bioenergy from photosynthetic living organisms is a potential solution for energy‐harvesting and bioelectricity‐generation issues. With the emerging interest in biophotovoltaics, extracting ...electricity from photosynthetic organisms remains challenging because of the low electron‐transition rate and photon collection efficiency due to membrane shielding. In this study, the concept of “photosynthetic resonator” to amplify biological nanoelectricity through the confinement of living microalgae (Chlorella sp.) in an optical micro/nanocavity is demonstrated. Strong energy coupling between the Fabry–Perot cavity mode and photosynthetic resonance offers the potential of exploiting optical resonators to amplify photocurrent generation as well as energy harvesting. Biomimetic models and living photosynthesis are explored in which the power is increased by almost 600% and 200%, respectively. Systematic studies of photosystem fluorescence and photocurrent are simultaneously carried out. Finally, an optofluidic‐based photosynthetic device is developed. It is envisaged that the key innovations proposed in this study can provide comprehensive insights in biological‐energy sciences, suggesting a new avenue to amplify electrochemical signals using an optical cavity. Promising applications include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biofuel devices, and sustainable optoelectronics.
A concept of a “living photosynthetic resonator” for amplifying bioelectricity through confinement of microalgae in an optical microcavity is demonstrated. The strong energy coupling between the cavity mode and photosynthetic resonance reveals the potential of exploiting optical resonators to amplify biological photocurrent generation and energy‐harvesting efficiency. Potential applications include photocatalysis, biophotovoltaics, and sustainable optoelectronics.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Treatability of anaerobically digested distillery wastewater is challenging because of its high pollution load of COD up to 40,000 ppm. This research investigates the possibilities of retrofitting ...the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of a distillery with microalgae treatment step. For this, at first the photobioreactors of capacity 50 L and 500 L were customized for the cultivation of Spirulina sp. under xenon lamp and sunlight. The reactor supported the maximum specific growth rate up to 0.42 ± 0.03 d−1 in the 50 L reactor at laboratory and 0.10 ± 0.02 d−1 in the 500 L reactor at the outdoor for Spirulina sp. The treatability of wastewater of COD 30,000 ppm–40,000 ppm was carried out in those reactors with the Spirulina sp. of culture volume fraction 0.8 and 0.93 under xenon lamp and sunlight respectively. The chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids reduction were 60–70% in both the volume fractions of the culture. Ion chromatography analysis indicated the reduction of major inorganic pollutants in the wastewater by the Spirulina sp. The algae were sustainable when the culture volume fraction was increased from 0.8 to 0.93. Thus, the phycoremediation was shown the significant pollution reduction in the wastewater. The addition of this step is valuable and it benefits the distillery by not only improving the quality of wastewater but also through the generation of algae biomass that would be appropriate for animal feed or biofuel application. However, the detail biochemical study is needed for the best use of algae biomass and the treatment could be checked for the long run sustainability.
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•Customized photobioreactor system for the growth of algae and treatment.•COD and TDS reduction up to 60–70% with variable wastewater and culture ratio.•Inorganic pollutant uptake by Spirulina sp. and its analysis using ion chromatography.•Sustainability of algae at the culture volume ratio of 0.93 at the site of distillery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Raw distillery wastewater (RSW) has the characteristics such as pH 4.0–4.6; chemical oxygen demand 85,000–110,000 ppm; total dissolved solids 85,000–110,000 ppm and biological oxygen demand ...25,000–35,000 ppm. Anaerobic digestion is the widely used treatment process in distillery to reduce the pollution load by 65–70%. Further, the pollution load is treated by RO process. The operation of RO process becomes difficult due to high influent load. This research work suggests the positioning of an additional biotreatment step, called phycoremediation to retrofit into the existing effluent treatment plant (ETP). The wastewater from the nearby distillery is collected at the various treatment stages of ETP such as before and after anaerobic digestion, settling lagoons and RO process. The physico-chemical, thermal and spectroscopic characteristics of wastewater are studied and the analysis is made based on the stage-wise characterization. It is inferred from the analysis that the phycoremediation step needs to be retrofitted into the existing ETP after anaerobic digestion. Anaerobically digested distillery wastewater treatment with Oscillatoria sp. resulted further reduction in chemical oxygen demand up to 55%, which reduce the influent load to the reverse osmosis plant.
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•Revealing the physico-chemical characteristics of wastewater at every stage of ETP operation.•Thermal characterization of wastewater using TGA & DSC.•Observation of major functional groups present in RSW & BMSW using FT-MIR spectroscopy.•Visualizing the variations of monitoring parameters in the individual operation.•Favoring conditions to include microalgae treatment step, is after anaerobic digestion.•Achieving zero liquid discharge through new clean ETP strategy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Over two billion people living across the world are facing high water stress today. Climate change, urbanization, industrialization, bioenergy demands are augmenting the complex relationship between ...water demand and world development (www.unwater.org). In the upcoming years, the demand for water will increase as food production increases, populations develop and move, industry advances and consumption rises. Unfortunately, a statistic showing that 50% of the world's freshwater reserves are polluted; 80% of wastewater is discharged directly into the natural environment without prior or adequate treatment in developing countries (www.suez.com). Hence, the depletion and contamination in water resources develop concerns on identifying new resources capable of helping in reaching equilibrium within demand and securing resources effectively (Salgot et al. 2018). One of the promising possibilities is wastewater treatment and reuse.
Intact secretory granules isolated from bovine adrenal medulla express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. Granule-associated
TH sediments on continuous sucrose gradients with dopamine ...beta-hydroxylase, a marker for granule membranes, indicating that
TH is associated with chromaffin granules. Membranes prepared from lysed granules retain TH, whereas granule contents are
free of the enzyme. TH immunoreactivity was detected in granule membranes by immunoblot analysis using a polyclonal antiserum
against TH. TH immunoreactivity cannot be removed from membranes by washes in high ionic strength buffers and is only partially
removed from membranes by treatment with either urea or Na2CO3. TH can be removed from granule membranes by the detergents
Nonidet P-40, Triton X-100, and 3-(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonate. Treatment of membranes with a phosphatidylinositol-specific
phospholipase C did not remove TH, ruling out the possibility of a glycosyl phosphatidyl anchor. Fractionation of granule
membranes by temperature-induced phase separation in Triton X-114 revealed that TH is recovered in phases in which integral
(detergent phase) and hydrophobic (phospholipid phase) membrane proteins are typically found. By contrast, TH from adrenal
cytosol fractionated exclusively into the aqueous phase along with other soluble proteins. Digestion of granules with various
protease enzymes revealed that TH is resistant to degradation, suggesting that the enzyme is embedded within membranes. TH
becomes phosphorylated when intact granules are exposed to the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, indicating
that at least the N-terminal region of TH is exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of granules. These results establish that
a fraction of TH is an integral component of bovine granule membranes. The association of TH with granule membranes may play
a role in coordinating TH activity and catecholamine release.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background: Worldwide, breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women and its incidence is increasing alarmingly.
Aim: To determine a dose-response effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on ...oxidant/antioxidant status in 7,12-dimethylbenz. (a) antheracene induced. (DMBA) mammary carcinoma in experimental rats.
Materials and Methods: Cancer bearing female Sprague Dawley rats were orally treated with Pleurotus ostreatus ethanolic extract (POEet) (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight) for 16 weeks. By means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, ergosterol (48.82%) were identified and quantified in POEet. Body weight of experimental rats in each groups and the biochemical parameters of plasma, liver and mammary tissues were carried out. Histopathological analyses were also determined.
Statistical Analysis Used: Results were analyzed using SPSS software package, version 16.0. The values were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT).
Result: The result showed that depleted activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant level and significant elevated TBARS level were observed in DMBA group of plasma, mammary and liver tissues of experimental rats. The effects were dose.dependent and the above noted parameters were renovated to near normal after supplementation with different dose of POEet (150 mg, 300 mg and 600 mg/kg bwt). The data obtained from the study indicate that POEet at a dose of 600 mg/kg bwt possesses optimum anticancer effects against DMBA induced mammary carcinogenesis.
Conclusion: Based on the scientific appraisal, we conclude that the POEet is having a potent antioxidant capacity; thereby it offers maximum protection against DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mushrooms constitute an integral part of the normal human diet and in recent times, the amounts of consumption have been raised greatly, which includes variety of species. The genus Pleurotus ...comprise about 40 different species that are commonly referred to as “Oyster mushroom”. Among several species of this genus, Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) is popularly consumed by all over the world due to their taste, flavor, high nutritional values and medicinal properties. Because of the presence of numerous nutritional compositions and various active ingredients in P. ostreatus, have been reported to have antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticholestrolic, antiarthritic, antioxidant, anticancer, eye health and antiviral activities. In this review, we particularly expose the high nutritional values of P. ostreatus, in relation to their potential medicinal usage which suggest that the P. ostreatus mushrooms are the most important nutraceutical functional foods.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Neoplastic growth of the breast is the most common malignancy in women worldwide and its incidence has increased in most countries. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy of Pleurotus ...ostreatus (Jacq. Ex Fr.) P.kumm. (P. ostreatus) an edible mushroom on modulating levels of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, hormonal status of estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR), protein expressions and histopathological analysis in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinogenesis using a rat model. DMBA was induced by single subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 25mg in 1mL vehicle. The ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus (POEet) was administered orally at a concentration of 600mg/kg bwt as pre- and post-initiation stage of treatment throughout the experimental period which was also compared with standard tamoxifen (TAM) (10mg/kg bwt). At the end of 16 weeks, our results showed the elevated phase I and depleted phase II metabolizing enzymes, over expression of (ER/PR) and the expression pattern of the proteins such as fas, fasL, caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax were found to be down regulated whereas p53, Bcl2, cox-2 and cyclin D1 were markedly upregulated in DMBA-induced Sprague-Dawley rats, which were significantly reversed on P. ostreatus administration. Moreover, pre-treatment with P. ostreatus showed improved response when compared to that of posttreatment. Based on scientific appraisal, we conclude that the dietary consumption of P. ostreatus might offer maximum protection against DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis and improving human health if used as a regular basis.
•Benchside○ The potential of Pleurotus ostreatus on DMBA induced rat mammary carcinogenesis were determined by the analysis of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, hormonal status of ER/PR, as well as the expression of protein using western blotting techniques and histological examination of liver and mammary tissues.•Bedside○ The pharmaceutical potential of P. ostreatus are analysed for is markedly available, edible one with high protein as well as fiber with low fat content and cost effective for patient convenience.•Industry○ Mushrooms are considered as a nutraceutical functional food which can contain enriched prolific produced of novel “mycochemicals” responsible for the human health potential on various diseases and malignancies.•Community○ Standardization and refinement of mycochemical from mushrooms were help to develop the new novel active compounds which contribute for better health and also help to reduce disease burden.•Regulatory agencies○ The P. ostreatus contain several bioactive compounds which might be the key factor for the anticancer effect. This will need to be taken for labeling and pattering the compounds and tested in clinical trials.
Background: Mushrooms are an important natural source represents a major and untapped potent pharmaceutical product. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) an important medicinal mushroom has been shown to ...contain high amount of antioxidant. However, in vivo studies on G. lucidum fruiting bodies are lacking. Objectives: To determine the effects of G. lucidum fruiting bodies ethanolic extract (GLEet) on expression of xenobiotic enzymes, oxidant-antioxidant and hormonal status on 7,12-dimethyl benzaantheracene (DMBA) induced experimental breast cancer was investigated in female Sprague dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Cancer bearing female Sprague dawley rats was orally treated with GLEet (500mg/kg body weight) for 16 weeks. Incidence and tumor volume in each groups, and biochemical parameters were carried out in plasma, liver, and mammary tissues of animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were also determined. Result: Oral administration of GLEet on tumor bearing animals significantly diminished the levels of lipid peroxidation thereby enhancing the nonenzymatic antioxidants and also positively regulated the estrogen receptor hormones level to near normal when compared with DMBA treated rats. Moreover, it also positively modulates the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, the dietary administration of G. lucidum may be efficiently used as a chemopreventive agent against mammary carcinogenesis. Conclusion: We concluded that G. lucidum is a potent chemopreventive agent, thereby it offers maximum protection against DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
BackgroundA quarter of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) were asymptomatic, and only a third of them survived at the end of 4 years. Only a select subset of these patients was recommended for ...aortic valve replacement (AVR) by the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. We intended to study the effect of early AVR (eAVR) in this subset of asymptomatic patients with preserved left ventricle function.Methods and resultsWe searched PubMed and Embase for randomised and observational studies comparing the effect of eAVR versus conservative therapy in patients with severe, asymptomatic AS and normal left ventricular function. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were composite major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (study defined), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, cardiac death, sudden death, the development of symptoms, heart failure hospitalisations and major bleeding. We used GRADEPro to assess the certainty of the evidence. In the randomised controlled trial (RCT) only analysis, we found no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the early aortic intervention group versus the conservative arm (CA) (incidence rate ratio, IRR (CI): 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1), I2=31%, p=0.09). However, in the overall cohort, we found mortality benefit for eAVR over CA (IRR (CI): 0.4 (0.3 to 0.7), I2=84%, p<0.01). There were significantly lower MACE, cardiac death, sudden death, development of symptoms and heart failure hospitalisations in the eAVR group. We noticed no difference in MI, stroke and major bleeding.ConclusionWe conclude that there is no reduction in all-cause mortality in the eAVR arm in patients with asymptomatic AS with preserved ejection fraction. However, eAVR reduces heart failure related hospitalisations and death or heart failure hospitalisations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022306132.
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