A 70-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes presented for routine diabetes care. She had performed multiple glucose tests daily for decades, which had led callus formation with fingertip ...hyperpigmentation.
Lip reading has gained popularity due to the proliferation of emerging real-world applications. This article provides a comprehensive review of benchmark datasets available for lip-reading ...applications and pioneering works that analyze lower facial cues for lip-reading applications. A comprehensive review of lip reading applications is broadly classified into five distinct applications: Lip Reading Biometrics (LRB), Audio Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR), Silent Speech Recognition (SSR), Voice from Lips, and Lip HCI (Human–computer interaction). LRB entails extensive research in the fields of authentication and liveness detection. AVSR covers key findings that have contributed significantly to applications such as voice assistants, video-to-text transcription, hearing aids, and pronunciation-correcting systems. SSR analyzes the efforts made for silent-video-to-text transcription and surveillance camera applications. The voice from lips section discusses applications such as voice for the voiceless and vision-infused speech inpainting. In lip HCI, LR-HCI for smartphones, smart TVs, computers, robots, and musical instruments is reviewed in detail. Comprehensive coverage is given to cutting-edge techniques in computer vision, signal processing, machine learning, and deep learning. The advancements that aid the system in learning to lip-read and authenticate lip gestures, generate text transcription, synthesize voice based on lip movements, and control systems via lip movements (lip HCI) are covered. The work concludes by highlighting the limitations of existing frameworks, the road maps of each application illustrating the evolution of techniques employed over time, and future research avenues in lip-reading applications.
•Review of available benchmark datasets for lip-reading applications.•The growth of five types of lip reading application systems, namely, Lip Reading Biometrics (LRB), Audio Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR), Silent Speech Recognition (SSR), Voice from lips, and Lip HCI (Human–computer interaction) are reviewed.•Their progression in the techniques employed over time, covering all signal processing, machine vision, machine learning, and deep learning approaches, are highlighted.•The survey discusses challenges in several lip-reading application areas and provides a pathway to carry out further research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Hot isostatic press (HIP) post sintering technique was utilized on the garnet structured oxides, prepared by solid state reaction method, to enhance density, Li+ conductivity and barricade lithium ...dendrite growth. Simultaneous application of heat and isostatic pressure is an effective technique to enhance the grain boundary integrity and minimize the pores, which in turn, increase the relative density of the lithium garnet oxide pellets. The advantage of HIP is well echoed by the enhanced total (grain + grain boundary) Li+ conductivity and transparency of the Li6.16Al0.28Zr2La3O12 (Al-LLZ) pellet. The room temperature (25 °C) total lithium ion conductivity of Al-LLZ and 1 wt% of Li4SiO4 (LSO) added Al-LLZ, were found to be 0.13 mS/cm and 0.3 mS/cm, respectively. This is further enhanced to 0.31 mS/cm and 0.41 mS/cm, respectively, along with improved relative density of around 98% through the HIP treatment. The HIP treated transparent Al-LLZ pellet successfully barricades lithium dendrite growth even at higher current density of 250 μA/cm2 and also reduces the metallic lithium and Al-LLZ interfacial resistance by increasing the lithium wettability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
SS 316LN with varying nitrogen content is subjected to thermal aging for 20,000 h at 650 °C to assess long-term structural integrity under operational conditions in nuclear reactors. While the ...annealing twins and heterogeneous grain evolution by bimodal division are independent of chemical composition, the type, size, and morphology of evolving secondary phases are characteristic of nitrogen concentration. Color contrast in bright field optical microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of three major precipitate phases; M
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(C, N)
6
, Fe
2
Mo intermetallics, and Cr
2
N. Contiguously formed hetero-structures of Fe
2
Mo/Cr
2
N are quantified, and extensive formation has been observed in steels with high nitrogen content (0.14 wt. % and 0.22 wt. %). In addition to the grain boundary carbo-nitrides, the morphological derivatives of intra-granular M
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(C, N)
6
precipitates with cube-on-cube orientation relationship such as (1) isolated cubes, (2) primary stringers/strings of cubes, (3) secondary stringers/clusters of branched primary strings, and (4) clusters of laths are identified. The stringers and laths are preferentially grown in {111}/ < 110 > γ. The growth plane and crystallographic variants of primary and secondary stringers are exclusively identified from optical micrographs. All varieties of M
23
(C, N)
6
are prominent in the sample with 0.22 wt. % nitrogen whereas, clustering of stringers and laths are absent in steels with lower nitrogen concentration. Overall mechanical properties reform by the precipitation strengthening effect due to the excess nitrogen content.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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•Laser-remelted YSZ TBCs showed chemical inertness in molten sodium.•LSR produced a dense, columnar and smooth surface architecture in YSZ TBCs.•Vertical segmented cracks allowed ...molten sodium infiltration and disintegration at non-remelted interfaces.•The corrosion mechanism of LSR YSZ in molten sodium is primarily of physical decohesion at weak boundaries.
Liquid-metal corrosion in molten sodium is a significant issue to Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) proposed for in-core fast breeder reactor applications. In this study, the viability of attenuating molten sodium corrosion of plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia TBCs is investigated by microstructure re-engineering using Laser Surface Remelting (LSR). LSR produced a smooth and dense surface with columnar microstructure and segmented vertical cracks. At the onset of molten sodium corrosion, the remelted layer retained structural integrity but exhibited localized corrosive attack along the surface-network cracks. However, on further exposure, the vertical cracks lead to molten sodium infiltration down the non-remelted layers, causing corrosive damage and spallation of coating.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We used smartphone technology to differentiate the gait characteristics of older adults with osteoporosis with falls from those without falls. We assessed gait mannerism and obtained activities of ...daily living (ADLs) with wearable sensor systems (smartphones and inertial measurement units IMUs) to identify fall-risk characteristics. We recruited 49 persons with osteoporosis: 14 who had a fall within a year before recruitment and 35 without falls. IMU sensor signals were sampled at 50 Hz using a customized smartphone app (Lockhart Monitor) attached at the pelvic region. Longitudinal data was collected using MoveMonitor+ (DynaPort) IMU over three consecutive days. Given the close association between serum calcium, albumin, PTH, Vitamin D, and musculoskeletal health, we compared these markers in individuals with history of falls as compared to nonfallers. For the biochemical parameters fall group had significantly lower calcium (P = 0.01*) and albumin (P = 0.05*) and higher parathyroid hormone levels (P = 0.002**) than nonfall group. In addition, persons with falls had higher sway area (P = 0.031*), lower dynamic stability (P < 0.001***), gait velocity (P = 0.012*), and were less able to perform ADLs (P = 0.002**). Thus, persons with osteoporosis with a history of falls can be differentiated by using dynamic real-time measurements that can be easily captured by a smartphone app, thus avoiding traditional postural sway and gait measures that require individuals to be tested in a laboratory setting.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Structural transition during in-situ annealing of monoclinic-Yttria (m-Y2O3) is studied using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The m-Y2O3 has been prepared by high ...energy ball milling of cubic-Y2O3 (c-Y2O3). Monoclinic to cubic (m → c) phase transition with detailed crystallite size analysis from the Rietveld fit on XRD profiles and strain analysis from Geometric Phase Analysis (GPA) on High-Resolution phase contrast-TEM micrographs has been discussed. During annealing, the m- and c-phases of Y2O3 coexist up to ∼850 °C. The data has been compared with those reported earlier for the milling induced c → m transition. At 1000 °C, the phase is completely c-Y2O3. HRTEM time-lapse images have been employed to examine the growth mechanism involved as they develop into cubic crystallites. Grain rotation and defect-assisted grain alignment govern the sluggish growth of crystallites.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In the present investigation, creep deformation and rupture behavior of type 316LN stainless steel weld joints fabricated from hotwire tungsten inert gas (HW-TIG), activated-TIG (A-TIG), and hybrid ...laser metal inert gas (HLM) welding processes were studied. The creep testing was carried out at 923 K under various stress levels. The weld joints have undergone a higher rate of deformation and exhibited lower creep rupture life as compared to that of the base metal. The welding process significantly influenced the delta (
δ
)-ferrite content in the weld metal of stainless steel weld joints A-TIG (1.7 ferrite number (FN), HLM (1.3 FN), and HW-TIG (3.5 FN), its morphology and also the creep cavity density during creep deformation. The HW-TIG weld joint possessed significantly lower creep rupture life than that of the A-TIG and HLM weld joints. The HLM joint has exhibited a better creep rupture life than the A-TIG and HW-TIG weld joints. The microstructural constituents,
i.e
.,
δ
-ferrite content, columnar and equiaxed dendrites, and sigma (
σ
)-phase formation during creep, have significantly influenced the creep deformation and rupture strength of the joints. The orientation of the columnar structure, which is parallel to stress direction and lower
δ
-ferrite content in the A-TIG and HLM joints, has resulted in lower creep cavitation and higher creep rupture strength as compared to that of the HW-TIG weld joint. As the 316LN stainless steel weld joint processed by the HLM welding process exhibited the best creep rupture life, the HLM welding process is recommended for the welding of 316LN stainless steel.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Air Plasma Sprayed (APS) ceramic coatings are conventionally used for protecting metallic parts of hot section components in aero- and land-based gas turbines. Owing to their capability to withstand ...very high temperatures high specific heat capacity, and thermal shock resistance, such APS coatings are also investigated for the potential to protect the core catcher in nuclear reactors during the high-temperature core-meltdown accidents resulting in corium hot-melt. In this study, candidate plasma-sprayed spinel and yttria coatings on SS 316LN substrates were subjected to an ultra-high temperature (UHT) ceramic-metal hot-melt at ∼2500 °C. Uncoated steel substrates showed melting, whereas coated substrates were found un-attacked at the expense of degradation of the coatings such as surface melting, topcoat sintering, columnar grain growth and thermal shock cracks. The evolution of interfacial fusion was observed in the case of yttria coatings due to the formation of primary YAG and Al2O3-YAG eutectic at the interface. Spinel coatings with a comparatively lower thermal conductivity could generate a higher ΔT across the topcoat thickness with limited grain growth in the substrate. Evidence of local melting at the interface and evolution of temperature gradient between the hot-melt and substrate are comprehensively illustrated. Out of the two coatings tested, spinel was found to be more protective to the steel substrate.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
