The end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century marked the beginning of a terrible period of suffering and monstrous crimes committed against Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. That time ...is, in fact, the time of realization of the ideology, policy and practice of creating ethnically pure Serbian territories on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. The ultimate goal of such efforts and implementers of such an ideology was and remains the creation of an ethnically pure Serbian state, the so-called of Greater Serbia. The monstrosity, horror, bestiality, cruelty and ferocity of the realization of such a malicious ideology were most felt by Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is/was targeted as an indispensable and imperative territory of an ethnically pure Serbian state. A special focus of Greater Serbian ideologues was and remains the area of Podrinje, i.e. the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina along the Drina River (west of the Drina River). This area was marked by Greater Serbian ideologues as the most important geostrategic area of the future “Greater Serbia”, and the Drina River was mythologized and declared the “backbone of the Serbian people”, the “aorta of Serbianness”. The malice of such efforts has been demonstrated by the example of cities throughout the Podrinje, including the city of Srebrenica. Srebrenica, like other Bosnian cities in the Podrinje region, was targeted as a territory of “exceptional strategic importance” for a “final solution to the Serbian question” in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was impossible to realize without committing numerous crimes against humanity and international law against Bosniaks, including genocide. The culmination of these crimes against Bosniaks in Srebrenica occurred during World War II in the period of 1941-1945, as well as during the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period of 1992-1995. It can be reasonably claimed that the crimes and genocide committed against Bosniaks in Srebrenica during the Second World War were an overture to later even more horrific and greater crimes and genocide during the aggression against 260 the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosniaks in the Srebrenica area were targeted as targets of the Greater Serbia ideology during the Second World War, and this is confirmed by the mass and individual crimes committed by the bearers of that ideology (Chetniks). In proving the above theses, all basic methods were used, then general scientific methods (hypothetical-deductive, comparative and statistical), while for the purposes of obtaining data, the analysis (content) of documents and the case study method were used. The results of the research are a relevant indicator of horrific crimes, including the crime of genocide committed against Bosniaks in Srebrenica during the World War II and the efforts of Greater Serbia ideologues to completely ethnically cleanse the city of non-Serbs. The results of this research are a good starting point and starting point in the description, elaboration and presentation of the continuity of crimes committed against Bosniaks in Srebrenica, all the way to the genocide committed during the 1992-1995 aggression.
Classical armed aggression on the internationally recognized, independent and sovereign Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was carried out by Serbia and Montenegro (the Federal Republic of ...Yugoslavia), or by the direct participation of their armed and military forces. The main organizers were Serbia and Montenegro (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), “Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina“/“Republic of Srpska“, JNA/VJ and other Serbian armed forces. Aggression is persuasive by the commission of numerous mass and individual forms of crimes against humanity and international law, including the crime of genocide against Bosniaks. This can especially be identified and investigated on the example of the Višegrad municipality. The extent and scope of crimes committed in the territory of the municipality of Višegrad, in the period of 1992-1995, that the active Serbia and Montenegro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) also had active participation in. The general hypothesis is that in Višegrad between the years of 1992-1995. crimes committed in agrression and genocide, armed and military formations of Serbia and Montenegro (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) were also involved, and that the crimes committed were characterized by their planning and preparation, organized conduct and systemacitity, thus proving both elements of the genocide: intent (mens rea) and act of genocide (actus reus). Through the scientific methodological allegiance, the relevant documents were drawn up, conclusions were drawn up of the participation of Serbia and Montenegro (the Federal republic of Yugoslavia) in the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the genocide against Bosniaks in Višegrad in the period of 1992-1995.
The river Drina has been the focal point of Serbian nationalist movement and the proponents of the ideology and politics of a “great Serbia” for more than two centuries. This was proved in history as ...well as by the number of theoretical and empirical studies. In the continuum of Serbian nationalistic ideology, politics and practice of “great Serbia”, the river Drina has a special place and significance. Thus it was given not only a mythological, but also a symbolic significance that portrays the Drina as a backbone of an entire body of Serbian nation. Strategic aim Serbian nationalistic policy has been “eliminating the river Drina as a border between Serbian lands”.
Tokom agresije na Republiku Bosnu i Hercegovinu u periodu od 1992-1995. godine, počinjeni su brojni, masovni i pojedinačni, zločini protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava, uključujući i zločin ...genocida u svim okupiranim mjestima i gradovima pod opsadom. Izvršenju zločina prethodile su detaljno i sistemski organizirane i planirane aktivnosti, a sve s ciljem stvaranja etnički čistih srpskih teritorija i implementiranja ideje stvaranja tzv. Velike Srbije. U provođenju zločina nad Bošnjacima učestvovao je veliki broj zločinaca. Međutim, u izvršenju zločina su se pojedinci izdvajali od ostalih. Izdvajali su se po načinu, metodama, tehnikama, monstruoznosti počinjenih zločina, a koje su počinili bilo sami bilo uz podršku svojih pratilaca i pomagača. Po tome su se posebno isticali Nikola Jorgić u Doboju, Milan Lukić u Višegradu i Goran Jelisić u Brčkom. Analizom njihovih (ne)djela izločina koje su počinili, pokazat će se sva okrutnost, monstruoznost i nečovječnost njihova postupanja prema žrtvama. Analiza će se uraditi kroz prizmu utjecaja tri faktora: ideologije, prostorne distance i sadizma. U tom kontekstu, za potrebe istraživanja će posebno biti korištene metod analize (sadržaja) dokumenata, komparativna metoda i metoda studije slučaja (case study). Može se zaključiti kako je obrazac izvršenja zločina koji su oni primjenjivali, iako nisu bili međusobno vezani niti su međusobno sarađivali, bio identičan.
The pluralization of Bosnian society took place in 1990, when political parties were formed and the first multi-party parliamentary elections were held. Long rule without a coalition political agenda ...and agreements between the winning ethnic parties has strengthened ethnic pluralism in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Instead of democratic decision-making and competition between the majority and the opposition, the representative bodies in Bosnia and Herzegovina have become an arena of competition between the parties that make up the majority. The lack of consensus between the ruling ethnic parties was compensated at the state level by the High Representative of the International Community (OHR), who, on the basis of the Bonn powers, promulgated certain laws. This prevented blockages in the work of the state parliament. In the absence of consensus of the ruling ethnic parties, it is neither possible to develop nor strengthen the power of parliaments. Instead of parliamentary democracy, partitocracy is at work. The situation is similar at the entity level, and at the cantonal level in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. All this, along with heterogeneous and complicated decision-making procedures and processes, ultimately reflects on the adoption of laws and decisions of importance to society and the state. Complicated forms of decision-making and the existence of a mechanism for the protection of vital national interests are some of the obstacles to the development of the state and society. All of these are some of the key issues, but also the controversies that accompany the decision-making processes in the representative bodies in the country. Only decision-making at the level of local self-government units (municipalities and cities) can serve as a positive example The basis for strengthening the democratic decision-making capacities of the representative bodies in Bosnia and Herzegovina is contained in the application of the democratic principle on which parliamentary democracy is established and functions. It is about establishing a parliamentary majority based on the coalition agreement and the political program of that coalition.
Energetski sektor predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih i najznačajnijih sektora država u suvremenom svijetu. Od razvijenosti energetskoga sektora i energetskih potencijala u današnjem vremenu bitno ovisi ...i pozicija države u međunarodnim (globalnim) okvirima. Države s razvijenim energetskim sektorom ključni su globalni igrači i akteri svih događanja u svijetu. Takve države su jasno i precizno formulirale i implementirale energetske politike u praksi, shvaćajući na pravi način njihov značaj i važnost za razvitak. Međutim, energetske politike, iako značajne i važne za razvitak država, osobito onih manje razvijenih ili nerazvijenih, u novije doba se nalaze pred stalnim izazovima. Vanjski efekti koji nastaju aktiviranjem energetskih potencijala, došli su u fokus svjetske javnosti. Zagovornici politika zaštite okoliša strogo se protive napretku i razvitku energetskoga sektora, zbog vanjskih efekata koje razvitak toga sektora producira. Problem je jedino moguće rješavati odgovarajućim usuglašavanjem energetske politike i politike zaštite okoliša, budući da su obje te sektorske posebne javne politike potrebite svakoj državi. Riješiti konflikt i jaz između njih je izuzetno složen i zahtjevan zadatak. Prezentirani rezultati analize potvrđuju tezu o značaju i važnosti energetskoga sektora i odgovarajućih energetskih javnih politika za razvitak suvremenih država. Zaključak je kako zagovaranje energetskih javnih politika treba biti prisutno, ali uz obvezno uvažavanje i komplementiranje s drugim vezanim javnim politikama, prije svega politikom zaštite okoliša. Od njihovog usuglašavanja i integriranja ovisi i odgovarajuće implementiranje koncepta održivoga razvitka.
In this article that deals with the crimes against humanity and international law committed in the territory of the municipality Višegrad the accent is placed upon the bestial method of killing by ...both mass and individual burning of civilians (women, children and the aged) in houses and other adjoining constructions. In this context the chronological history of this type of crime is viewed with intention to establish and present the continuity of such crimes that in Višegrad reached their peak during 1992-1995. The results of theoretical and empirical research clearly show that the city of Višegrad has become a paradigm of the crime of burning civilians, thus it is justly characterised as the city wherein burning of a large number of civilians was planned, organised and systematically executed with the aim of the most brutal ethnic cleansing and persecution of the inhabitants of the valley of the river Drina. This is also confirmed by the relevant verdicts of the Hague Tribunal against the criminals who directly or indirectly were involved in killings, to a healthy human mind incomprehensible, of the innocent civilians just for being of different nationality or faith.
In today’s time of rapid and constant changes, especially marked by the interests and demands of the states to achieve growth and development faster, the topic and problems of environmental ...protection are becoming the focus of interest. The importance of environmental issues in the present day is alsoreflected in the fact that many states within their governments have separate ministries (departments) for environmental issues. The essence of this is to work directly on the prevention of environmental pollution, to which the modern world and contemporary societies are inevitably exposed. The aimis to protect and preserve the stability of total biodiversity and thus all other relationships. The problems of formulating and implementing public policies in the function of environmental protection are inevitably expressed in the modern world. Only adequate public policies aimed at the environmental sector can produce positive results in terms of preventing further pollution ofplanet Earth and maintaining a natural balance. An analysis of the content of the relevant documentation, as well as the presentation of the specific role of states in this context and the current situation in the countries of the European Union, will draw relevant conclusions that public environmental policies are one of the key public policies for the development of society and states.
There are several issues and problems that are inevitably produced by the phenomenon and the emergence of social exclusion. These are, first of all: unemployment, inadequate education, extremely poor ...housing and an environment characterized by high rates of corruption and crime, insufficient and inadequate care and nursing of the elderly, low level of general health, cases of family breakdown, addiction problems, and discrimination on various grounds. Therefore, the fight against poverty and social exclusion, through the promotion of integration and inclusion in the labor market and social integration, supports marginalized groups and helps their active inclusion in social flows. The inclusion in the labor market of socially excluded groups, accompanied by projects to create a supportive environment, is particularly important and represents the best approach in their social reaffirmation and fight against all forms of social exclusion. In this sense, the development and implementation of social inclusion programs that are regulated by positive legal regulations by the state are crucial. It is the state that should, on the basis of legal regulation and through financial support, encourage social inclusion since this is the only way and basis to ensure the prevention of all forms of discrimination against socially excluded groups of citizens. In this context, the development and implementation of disability education programs are key. Support for such projects increases opportunities for education and subsequent employment and reduces the risk of social exclusion and poverty of socially excluded categories. The presented case study shows that the development and implementation of targeted inclusive education programs will give excellent results in terms of strengthening this marginalized category by improving the conditions of their education without physical and mental barriers, as well as by creating conditions for improving their later employment and labor market integration.
