India would require around 311 million tons of food grains (cereals and pulses) during 2030 to feed around 1.43 billion people, and the requirement expectedly would further increase to 350 million ...tons by 2050 when India's population would be around 1.8 billion. To achieve food security in the country, the attempts need to focus on both area expansion under agriculture as well as rise in crop productivity. Massive urbanization is putting pressure on agricultural lands, resulting in shrinking of land holdings. The possibility of area expansion under agriculture, therefore, exists in restoring the degraded lands. Nearly 147 million ha of land is subjected to soil degradation, including 94 million ha from water erosion, 23 million ha from salinity/alkalinity/acidification, 14 million ha from water-logging/flooding, 9 million ha from wind erosion and 7 million ha from a combination of factors due to different forces. Government of India has fixed a target of restoring 26 million ha of degraded lands, including salt-affected soils, by the year 2030 to ensure food security for the people. Around 6.74 million ha area in the country is salt-affected. Estimates suggest that every year nearly 10% additional area is getting salinized, and by 2050, around 50% of the arable land would be salt-affected. Saline soils occupy 44% area covering 12 states and one Union Territory, while sodic soils occupy 47% area in 11 states. The ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute and many State Agricultural Universities are engaged in studying salt-affected soils and developing reclamation technologies and strategies. Several innovative technologies have been developed and on-farm tested. Gypsum-based sodic soil reclamation, sub-surface drainage of water-logged saline lands, salt tolerant crop varieties and improved agroforestry techniques are some of the well-adapted technologies in the country. Reclamation of 2.18 million ha of salt-affected soils (2.07 million ha barren sodic soils and 0.11 million ha saline soils) has contributed more than 17 million tons of food grains per annum to the country's food basket, with additional annual income of Rs. 15.5 billion, and employment generation of 2.8 million man-days. Other technologies of management of salt-affected soils, viz. alternate land-use systems, saline aquaculture, cultivation of salt tolerant crop varieties, agro-forestry, phytoremediation, bioremediation etc. have positively impacted food and nutritional security, women empowerment, involvement of landless laborers and minimizing rural migration etc. The ongoing consistent research efforts for the management and reclamation of such soils would hopefully continue ensuring food security in the country. The Government needs to make policies favorable for implementation of reclamation technologies in the country.
Agricultural residues are rich in bioactive compounds. These residues can be used as an alternate source for the production of different products like biogas, biofuel, mushroom, and tempeh as the raw ...material in various researches and industries. The use of agro-industrial wastes as raw materials can help to reduce the production cost and also reduce the pollution load from the environment. Agro-industrial wastes are used for manufacturing of biofuels, enzymes, vitamins, antioxidants, animal feed, antibiotics, and other chemicals through solid state fermentation (SSF). A variety of microorganisms are used for the production of these valuable products through SSF processes. Therefore, SSF and their effect on the formation of value-added products are reviewed and discussed.
This survey presents a brief discussion of different aspects of digital image watermarking. Included in the present discussion are these general concepts: major characteristics of digital watermark, ...novel and recent applications of watermarking, different kinds of watermarking techniques and common watermark embedding and extraction process. In addition, recent state-of-art watermarking techniques, potential issues and available solutions are discussed in brief. Further, the performance summary of the various state-of-art watermarking techniques is presented in tabular format. This survey contribution will be useful for the researchers to implement efficient watermarking techniques for secure e-governance applications.
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•Proteins has a significant inhibition or acceleration effect on the corrosion.•Proteins form a film on the metal surface which inhibit corrosion.•Protein film has anoint effect and ...thus decreases tribocorroion.•Interactions of metal ions with proteins create organometallic complexes.•Transport of the complex compounds away from the interface accelerates corrosion.
Implants are exposed to a complex physiological environment that contains various organic compounds, especially proteins. The adsorption of proteins has an immense influence on the corrosion, biocompatibility and wear properties of implantable metals. Proteins engage in multiple processes that could potentially inhibit or promote metal degradation, depending on the type of proteins, their concentration and the properties of the implant material. In the bio corrosion process, proteins are denatured and transform into a film on the metal surface, inhibiting corrosion. This film is found on many retrieved artificial joints, especially on worn areas, and can protect the passive film from scrapping due to its lubricating effect, thus decreasing tribocorroion. On the other hand, the interactions of metal ions with proteins (and amino acids) create colloidal organometallic complexes. Transport of the complex compounds away from the interface increases dissolution rates; thus, it accelerates the corrosion of metallic implants. The influence of protein adsorption on the corrosion behaviour of metallic biomaterials is presented in this review. Biocompatible metals that are favourably used as implants such as stainless steel, Co-Cr alloys, Ti alloys and biodegradable Mg and Fe alloys are specifically addressed. We have highlighted the adsorption phenomenon of protein on metallic implants, the interaction of proteins with metallic implants and the role of protein adsorption on implant biocorrosion behaviour as well as their wear resistance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A large number of by-products or wastes are produced worldwide through various food industries. These wastes cause a serious disposable problem with the environment. So, now a day's different ...approaches are used for alternative use of these wastes because these by-products are an excellent source of various bioactive components such as polyphenols, flavonoids, caffeine, carotenoids, creatine, and polysaccharides etc. which are beneficial for human health. Furthermore, the composition of these wastes depends on the source or type of waste. Approximately half of the waste is lignocellulosic in nature produced from food processing industries. The dissimilar types of waste produced by food industries can be fortified by various processes. Fermentation is one of the oldest approaches and there are three types of fermentation processes that are carried out such as solid state, submerged and liquid fermentation used for product transformation into value added products through microorganisms. Selections of the fermentation process are product specific. Moreover, various studies were performed to obtain or fortified different bioactive compounds that are present in food industries by-products or wastes. Therefore, the current review article discussed various sources, composition and nutritive value (especially bioactive compounds) of these wastes and their management or augmentation of value-added products through fermentation.
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We analyze magnetometry using an optically levitated nanodiamond. We consider a configuration where a magnetic field gradient couples the mechanical oscillation of the diamond with its spin degree of ...freedom provided by a nitrogen vacancy center. First, we investigate the measurement of the position spectrum of the mechanical oscillator. We find that conditions of ultrahigh vacuum and feedback cooling allow a magnetic field gradient sensitivity of 1μTm
/Hz. At high pressure and room temperature, this sensitivity degrades and can attain a value of the order of 100mTm
/Hz. Subsequently, we characterize the magnetic field gradient sensitivity obtainable by maneuvering the spin degrees of freedom using Ramsey interferometry. We find that this technique can offer photon-shot noise and spin-projection noise limited magnetic field gradient sensitivity of 100μTm
/Hz. We conclude that this hybrid levitated nanomechanical magnetometer provides a favorable and versatile platform for sensing applications.
Healthcare applications are considered as promising fields for wireless sensor networks, where patients can be monitored using wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs). Current WMSN healthcare ...research trends focus on patient reliable communication, patient mobility, and energy-efficient routing, as a few examples. However, deploying new technologies in healthcare applications without considering security makes patient privacy vulnerable. Moreover, the physiological data of an individual are highly sensitive. Therefore, security is a paramount requirement of healthcare applications, especially in the case of patient privacy, if the patient has an embarrassing disease. This paper discusses the security and privacy issues in healthcare application using WMSNs. We highlight some popular healthcare projects using wireless medical sensor networks, and discuss their security. Our aim is to instigate discussion on these critical issues since the success of healthcare application depends directly on patient security and privacy, for ethic as well as legal reasons. In addition, we discuss the issues with existing security mechanisms, and sketch out the important security requirements for such applications. In addition, the paper reviews existing schemes that have been recently proposed to provide security solutions in wireless healthcare scenarios. Finally, the paper ends up with a summary of open security research issues that need to be explored for future healthcare applications using WMSNs.
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Tiny particles have extraordinary thermal conductivity due to their unusual characteristics, making them crucial in materials science, nanotechnology, heat exchangers, and electronics. When there is ...the inclusion of thermal radiation, a heat source, and a convective boundary, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropolar, tangent hyperbolic flow for water-based Al2O3 nanofluid over a stretching sheet, this work intends to investigate the significance of a nanoparticle's radius. The mathematically described ordinary differential system is created by transforming a set of partial differential equations via similarity transformations. The bvp4c approach is used to solve the problem numerically (MATLAB built-in function). In this comprehensive study, the main objective is to improve heat transformation under the impact of various parameters. The velocity profiles, temperature distribution, micro-rotation distribution, and the local skin friction factor, along with the rate of heat transfer, have been displayed with several physical parameters. It is observed that the variation in velocity and the temperature profiles is the cause of increasing the size of the nanoparticles and the involving parameters that caused an increase in the rate of heat transfer. Graphs and tables have then been used to demonstrate the consequences of these physical parameters. The enhancement in the radius of nanoparticles causes a decrease in the skin friction factor, thermal layer, and micro-rotation. As the Biot number increased, the thermal layer became thicker. The impact of influential parameters on physical quantities is illustrated using three-dimensional graphs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Security in modern smart metering communications and in smart grid networks has been an area of interest recently. In this field, identity-based mutual authentication including credential privacy ...without active involvement of a trusted third party is an important building block for smart grid technology. Recently, several schemes have been proposed for the smart grid with various security features (e.g., mutual authentication and key agreement). Moreover, these schemes are said to offer session key security under the widely accepted Canetti-Krawczyk (CK) security model. Instead, we argue that all of them are still vulnerable under the CK model. To remedy the problem, we present a new provably secure key agreement model for smart metering communications. The proposed model preserves the security features and provides more resistance against a denial of service attack. Moreover, our scheme is pairing-free, resulting in highly efficient computational and communication efforts.
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