Xylanases are one of the important hydrolytic enzymes which hydrolyze the β-1, 4 xylosidic linkage of the backbone of the xylan polymeric chain which consists of xylose subunits. Xylanases are mainly ...found in plant cell walls and are produced by several kinds of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, yeast, and some protozoans. The fungi are considered as most potent xylanase producers than that of yeast and bacteria. There is a broad series of industrial applications for the thermostable xylanase as an industrial enzyme. Thermostable xylanases have been used in a number of industries such as paper and pulp industry, biofuel industry, food and feed industry, textile industry, etc. The present review explores xylanase–substrate interactions using gene-editing tools toward the comprehension in improvement in industrial stability of xylanases. The various protein-engineering and metabolic-engineering methods have also been explored to improve operational stability of xylanase. Thermostable xylanases have also been used for improvement in animal feed nutritional value. Furthermore, they have been used directly in bakery and breweries, including a major use in paper and pulp industry as a biobleaching agent. This present review envisages some of such applications of thermostable xylanases for their bioengineering.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Emerging contaminants (ECs) have been a threat to the aqueous environment because of their persistent nature and ability to adversely affect the living organisms exposed to them for a prolonged ...duration. An increase in detection of varying ranges of ECs in different aqueous bodies has catalyzed research on their toxic effects and removal. However, a compilation of proper legislations in terms of permissible limits of the ECs in water and understanding the capability of the different treatment technologies in bringing down their concentration to non-toxic levels is an area that needs significant attention. In this context, this review provides a comprehensive assessment of occurrence, ecotoxicological effects, and treatment methods of ECs. Statutory guidelines of different environmental organizations have been compared with the calculated drinking water equivalent limit of the ECs. Furthermore, a comprehensive risk assessment analysis of the EC has been performed, and it was found that caffeine, bisphenol-A, diazinon, and malathion had high risk quotients. The performance of the different treatment technologies was assessed based on their ability to bring down the concentration of the ECs below the established statutory guidelines. Unlike most conventional treatment methods, many advanced hybrid treatment methods could reduce the concentration of the ECs below the guideline value. Technologies involving membrane bioreactor combined with reverse osmosis, ozonation, and membrane distillation proved to be very effective with more than 90% removal. The sustainability aspects of different treatment methods have also been covered in this review to help researchers identify suitable treatment methods for removing ECs.
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•Asia and Europe are the major contributors of emerging contaminants in water.•Crustacean aquatic species have shown higher resistance to emerging contaminants.•Caffeine, bisphenol-A, malathion, and diazinon had relatively high-risk quotients.•Many hybrid systems could reduce emerging contaminants concentration to safe levels.•Hybrid constructed wetlands were more sustainable than other hybrid processes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An extensive range of applications of Wireless Sensor Networks such as military, environment, surveillance, home, vehicle tracking/detection, traffic flow and medical make it hot-spot in the epoch of ...wireless networks. A WSN consisting of numerous sensor-nodes is equipped with inadequate energy, memory, and computation capability issues. Further, such networks are limited to reinstate the dead nodes caused by energy’s depletion and to maximize the life-span of the system. To achieve this aim, several routing algorithms are proposed and investigated. In this work, an attempt is carried out to assess the diverse hierarchical routing protocols, developed from LEACH and is extended to other presented routing protocols like TEEN, APTEEN, and PEGASIS. Depending upon the observations and scrupulous consideration, a relative conclusion is drawn in the last.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This paper proposes a new islanding detection technique based on the superimposed angle of negative sequence impedance. The proposed technique is designed with the presence of different types of RES ...(renewable energy sources) in the system. The proposed technique discriminates the islanding events from non‐islanding events even at 0% power mismatch. It detects the islanding events within a half‐cycle even at the zero power mismatch and also restricts the undesirable tripping due to the several kinds of non‐islanding events. The technique is also able to detect islanding under network reconfiguration. For the range of power mismatches, extensive cases of islanding and non‐islanding events have been simulated. The technique has been illustrated on a 7‐bus reconfigurable microgrid test system with different types of RES in the (RTDS/RSCAD) environment. In this work, islanding has been determined considering each type of RES as targeted DG. The technique has also been demonstrated on a modified IEEE‐34 bus system. A comparison of the obtained results has also been performed.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Nearly spherical nanoparticles of cobalt doped nickel ferrite are synthesized.•First time carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are added with nickel ferrite epoxy system.•Nickel cobalt ferrite/CNF composite ...achieved 3.23 GHz absorption bandwidth at 1.6 mm thickness.•The microwave absorption is deeply explained by an interactive microwave-material interaction model.
For the first time, the cobalt doped nickel ferrite/carbon nano-fiber based nanocomposites are synthesized for radar and stealth applications. Initially, the CoxNi1−xFe2O4 with x = 0.0–0.4, nanoparticles are synthesized and then dispersed in the epoxy matrix to investigate their microwave absorption properties. Among all the synthesized nanocomposites, the CoxNi1−xFe2O4, x = 0.4 (55 wt% epoxy) nanocomposite exhibits maximum −10 dB absorption bandwidth of 1.4 GHz only for 10.3 mm thick sample. The synthesized nanocomposite is not suitable to be used for aforementioned application due to high thickness and low absorption bandwidth. To overcome this problem, carbon nanofiber (CNF ~ 1, 2 and 3 wt% epoxy) is added to the earlier synthesized ferrite epoxy system. The nanocomposite sample consisting of CoxNi1−xFe2O4, x = 0.4 (55 wt% epoxy) and CNF (2 wt% epoxy) shows enhanced absorption bandwidth of 3.23 GHz at a very low thickness of 1.6 mm. The addition of CNF into the ferrite system thus substantially enhanced the microwave absorption properties of the resultant nanocomposite, suitable for the radar and stealth applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study mainly focuses on a comparative study of electrocoagulation (EC), peroxi-electrocoagulation (PEC) and peroxi-coagulation (PC) processes for the treatment of aqueous solution containing ...major toxic components of purified terephthalic acid wastewater: benzoic acid (BA), terephthalic acid (TPA), para-toluic acid (p-TA) and phthalic acid (PA). The solution was initially treated by acid treatment method at various pH (2-4) and temperature (15-60 °C). The supernatant was further remediated by EC, PEC and PC methods independently. Process variables such as pH (4-12) and pH (1-5), current density (45.72-228.60 A/m
2
), electrolyte concentration (0.04-0.08 mol/L), electrode gap (1-3 cm), H
2
O
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concentration (600-1,000 mg/L) and reaction time (20-100 min) during EC, PEC and PC treatment were effectively optimized through central composite design under Design Expert software. Maximum COD removal of 60.76%, 73.91%, 66.68% with energy consumption (kWh/kg COD removed) of 95.81, 49.58, 69.26 was obtained by EC, PEC and PC treatments, respectively, at optimum conditions. Electrochemical methods were compared by removal capacities, consumption of energy, operating cost, degradation kinetics and sludge characteristics. PEC treatment was found most effective among EC, PEC and PC processes due to its highest removal capacity and lowest energy consumption features.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Silver complexes with 5‐(4‐(tert‐butyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐imidazo1,5‐apyridin‐3‐ylidene ligands were synthesized as metal‐imidazole acid‐base cooperative catalysts. Single crystal XRD analysis ...revealed that the silver atom was located in the vicinity of the imidazole ring and that cationic silver complexes formed dimers through coordination between the silver metal and the imidazole pendant. These cationic silver complexes served as catalysts for cyclization of alkyne‐tethered carboxylic acids. NMR experiments indicated that the dimeric cationic silver complex dissociated to a monomer upon protonation of the imidazole moiety, resulting in coordination of an acetonitrile to the silver atom. DFT calculations supported the acid‐base cooperative action of the silver‐imidazole for the efficient alkyne‐carboxylic acid cyclization.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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