Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi internu konzistenciju i retest pouzdanost hrvatske inačice PAQ-C upitnika na uzorku djece u dobi od 6 do 10 godina te izvijestiti o razini tjelesne aktivnosti ...učenika razredne nastave. Isti set pitanja primijenjen je na učenicima dva puta s vremenskim razmakom od tri tjedna. Oba mjerenja učenika u dobi od 8 do 10 godina održana su u školi uz prisustvo iskusnog istraživača. Suprotno tome, učenici u dobi od 6 do 8 godina ispunjavali su upitnik kod kuće, uz pomoć roditelja. Ukupno 81 učenik (85 %) ispunio je upitnik u obje vremenske točke. Interna konzistencija procijenjena Cronbachovom alfom kod skupine u dobi od 6 do 8 godina iznosila je .51 za prvo mjerenje, odnosno .69 za drugo mjerenja. Kod skupine od 8 do 10 godina, za prvo mjerenje Cronbahova alfa iznosila je .77, a za drugo mjerenje .75. Prosječan Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) između rezultata ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti prvog i drugog mjerenja iznosio je 0.56 (95% IC .05 – .76) za skupinu u dobi od 6 do 8 godina, odnosno .75 (95%CI 0.54 – 0.86) za skupinu u dobi od 8 do 10 godina. Rezultati ovog istraživanja podupiru korištenje hrvatske inačice PAQ-C upitnika za procjenu razine tjelesne aktivnosti učenika u dobi od 8 do 10 godina. Nasuprot tome, trenutni dokazi upućuju na to kako PAQ-C upitnik neće pouzdano procijeniti razinu tjelesne aktivnosti učenika mlađih od 8 godina.
Due to contemporary lifestyle, nutritional status of students is poorer and therefore it negatively affects the aerobic capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in aerobic ...capacity among female students of Faculty of Teacher Education with regard to their level of nutritional status. The study included 281 female students of the Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb. The sample of variables consisted of anthropometric measures: body height, body weight, sub-scapular and triceps skinfolds. Aerobic capacity was measured by 20 meter shuttle run test and nutritional status was determined by the body mass index (BMI). The subjects were divided into four groups according to their nutritional status: underweight, normal body weight, overweight and obese. Mean values of the BMI place the students into normal weight group, however, mean values of aerobic capacity show that students achieved poor results. Kruskal Wallis test and its post-hoc test (multiple comparisons for all groups with Bonferroni adjustment) for determining the difference between subsamples according to the level of nutritional status among students show that the subsamples differ in four of the five variables that describe the morphological characteristics (body weight, BMI, sub-scapular skinfold, triceps skinfold) as well as in aerobic capacity. The results obtained in this study show that the increased body mass have extremely high impact on the aerobic capacity results. It can be concluded that the tested students' aerobic capacity is poor and students with normal body weight have better aerobic capacity than overweight or obese students.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary education pupils and to identify differences in motor skills between normal weight, excessive and obese ...pupils. Partial aim was to determine differences in motor status of girls and boys and their anthropometric characteristics (Body Mass Index, body fat percentage). The study was conducted in two primary schools in Zagreb, Ivan Goran Kovačić and Davorin Trstenjak. Total of 333 pupils, aged 7-11, were measured (178 boys and 155 girls). Four anthropometric and seven motor variables were used to analyze differences in motor abilities of children. Children were divided into three groups within gender based on their body fat measures. We established a statistically significant difference in motor abilities between groups of subjects in three subsamples (1st-2nd class girls and 3rd-4th boys and girls). Children with normal weight have better results in explosive strength, coordination, static strength of arm and shoulder than children who are overweight and obese. The differences are not observed in motor variables where body weight is not a requisite for efficient execution of movement. Differences in motor skills by gender showed that boys are better in coordination, speed of the simple movements, explosive and repetitive strength, and girls are better in flexibility. The conclusion of this study confirmed the existence of differences in the development of motor skills in children with normal body weight compared to children who are overweight or obese. These facts prove that excessive body weight has negative repercussions on motor performance.
AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine internal consistency and retest reliability of the Croatian version of PAQ-C on a sample of 6-10 years old children and to report physical activity ...levels of elementary school pupils. The same set of questions was administered to the pupils on two different occasions, three weeks apart. Both testing rounds for 8-10 years old pupils were conducted at school in the presence of an experienced researcher. In contrast, the 6-8 years old pupils took the questionnaires home and completed them with parental help. A total of 81 pupils (participation rate 65%) filled out the questionnaire at both time points. Internal consistency for the 6- to 8-year-old group, as assessed by Cronbach’s alpha, was .51 and .69 for the first and second measure, respectively. For the 8- to 10-year-old group, Cronbach’s alpha for the first and second measure was .77 and .75, respectively. Average Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) between total physical activity levels of the first and second measure was .56 (95% IC .05 – .76) and .75 (95%CI .54 – .86) for the 6- to 8-year-old and 8- to 10-year-old group, respectively. Results of the present study support the use of the Croatian version of PAQ-C to assess the physical activity levels of 8- to 10-year-old pupils. In contrast, the current evidence indicates that PAQ-C will not reliably assess parental-reported physical activity levels of children younger than 8 years.Key words: elementary school pupils; physical activity levels; repeatability.---SažetakCilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi internu konzistenciju i retest pouzdanost hrvatske inačice PAQ-C upitnika na uzorku djece u dobi od 6 do 10 godina te izvijestiti o razini tjelesne aktivnosti učenika razredne nastave. Isti set pitanja primijenjen je na učenicima dva puta s vremenskim razmakom od tri tjedna. Oba mjerenja učenika u dobi od 8 do 10 godina održana su u školi uz prisustvo iskusnog istraživača. Suprotno tome, učenici u dobi od 6 do 8 godina ispunjavali su upitnik kod kuće, uz pomoć roditelja. Ukupno 81 učenik (85 %) ispunio je upitnik u obje vremenske točke. Interna konzistencija procijenjena Cronbachovom alfom kod skupine u dobi od 6 do 8 godina iznosila je .51 za prvo mjerenje, odnosno .69 za drugo mjerenja. Kod skupine od 8 do 10 godina, za prvo mjerenje Cronbahova alfa iznosila je .77, a za drugo mjerenje .75. Prosječan Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) između rezultata ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti prvog i drugog mjerenja iznosio je 0.56 (95% IC .05 – .76) za skupinu u dobi od 6 do 8 godina, odnosno .75 (95%CI 0.54 – 0.86) za skupinu u dobi od 8 do 10 godina. Rezultati ovog istraživanja podupiru korištenje hrvatske inačice PAQ-C upitnika za procjenu razine tjelesne aktivnosti učenika u dobi od 8 do 10 godina. Nasuprot tome, trenutni dokazi upućuju na to kako PAQ-C upitnik neće pouzdano procijeniti razinu tjelesne aktivnosti učenika mlađih od 8 godina.Ključne riječi: ponovljivost; razina tjelesne aktivnosti; učenici razredne nastave.
AbstractThe aim of this research was to determine whether there are significant differences between boys and girls, preschool children (4 - 4.5 years old), in locomotor skills and object control ...skills. Research included a total of 67 children, of which 34 boys (average body height 107.61 ± 4.43 cm; body weight 18.19 ± 4.43 kg) and 33 girls (average body height 107.31 ± 4.76 cm; body weight 19.00 ± 3.08 kg). All subjects were measured by 4 motor tests to estimate the balance, flexibility, coordination and frequency of movement (standing on one leg, bend and reach, polygon backwards and hand tapping). Motor skills were estimated by Test of Gross Motor Development, which includes 7 locomotor skills (run, gallop, hop, leap, standing long jump, slide, skip) and 4 object control skills (stationary bounce, catch, kick, overhand throw). Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in motor test polygon backwards in favor of boys (p = .001). Total locomotor score was higher in girls than boys (p = .01), although the differences are significant only in gallop (p = .02), hop (p = .02) and skip (p = .03). Total object control score shows a higher average values of girls in stationary bounce and catch (p = .01), and for boys in overhand throw (p = .03) and kick. In total fundamental movement skills girls scored better result on a level of significance (p = .02). On this sample in girls is noticeable higher level of motor skills compared to boys of the same age.Keywords: locomotor skills; object control skills; preschoolers---SažetakCilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoje li značajne razlike između dječaka i djevojčica predškolske dobi (4 - 4.5 godina) u lokomotornim motoričkim znanjima i manipuliranju objektima. Istraživanjem je ukupno obuhvaćeno 67 djece, od čega 34 dječaka (prosječne tjelesne visine 107.61 ± 4.43 cm; tjelesne težine 18.19 ± 4.43 kg) i 33 djevojčica (prosječne tjelesne visine 107.31 ± 4.76 cm i tjelesne težine 19.00 ± 3.08kg). Svi ispitanici izmjereni su putem 4 motorička testa za procjenu ravnoteže, fleksibilnosti, koordinacije i brzine frekvencije pokreta (stajanje na jednoj nozi, pretklon na klupici, poligon natraške i taping rukom). Motorička znanja procijenjena su testom Test of Gross Motor Development, koji uključuje 7 lokomotornih (trčanje, galop naprijed, poskoci na jednoj nozi, skok s noge na nogu, skok u dalj iz mjesta, galop strance, niski skip) i 4 motorička znanja – manipuliranje objektima (vođenje lopte u mjestu, hvatanje lopte objema rukama, udaranje lopte nogom i bacanje loptice u dalj). Univarijatnom analizom varijance utvrđene su značajne razlike u motoričkom testu poligon natraške u korist dječaka (p = .001). Ukupni skor lokomotornih znanja veći je kod djevojčica u odnosu na dječake (p = .01), iako su razlike značajne samo kod galopa (p = .02), poskoka (p = .02) i niskog skipa (p = .03). Ukupni skor u manipuliranju objektima pokazuje veće prosječne vrijednosti kod djevojčica u vođenju lopte i hvatanju lopte objema rukama (p = .01), a kod dječaka u bacanju loptice u dalj (p = .03) i udaranju lopte nogom. U ukupnom skoru lokomotornih znanja i manipuliranju objektima djevojčice su postigle bolje rezultate na razini značajnosti (p = .02). Na ovom uzorku ispitanika kod djevojčica je primjetna viša razina motoričkih znanja u odnosu na dječake iste dobi.Ključne riječi: lokomotorna znanja; manipuliranje objektima; predškolci
Continuous observation of the state and trend in adolescents’ physical fitness and BMI (body mass index) is a major indicator of health and well-being sustainability in youth. Because of that, the ...main goal of this study is to determine secular changes in anthropometric characteristics and some motor abilities of adolescents over a period of 20 years. The research included a total of 177 high school students, 15-16 years old. The first measurement was conducted in 1998 and involved 89 students (63 girls and 26 boys), and the second measurement was conducted in 2018 and involved 88 students (53 girls and 35 boys). Body height and body weight of all participants were measured. Additional tests were performed to asses motor skills: standing long jump (explosive strength), sit and reach (flexibility), sit ups (repetitive strength) and polygon backward (coordination). T-test with descriptive statistics was used to determine the differences between two generations and between genders. The present study indicates no statistically significant difference in anthropometric characteristics among adolescents during the last 20 years. The boys and girls aged 15 and 16 measured in 2018 are slightly taller, heavier, and the BMI is almost the same as in the generation measured in 1998. In terms of motor abilities between the generations of adolescents measured in 1998 and 2018, no negative trend was found except in flexibility, where subjects measured 20 years ago showed statistically better results.The results of this research indicate that the promotion of free play and exercise, the opportunities to participate in organized sports and the quality implementation of physical education classes are very important for contributing to the improvement of motor abilities and maintaining positive anthropometric characteristics in adolescents population.Key words: anthropometric characteristics; boys and girls; transversal research---Kontinuirano praćenje stanja i trendova u tjelesnoj spremnosti i ITM-u (indeksu tjelesne mase) adolescenata glavni je pokazatelj održivosti zdravlja i dobrobiti kod mladih. Zbog toga je glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja utvrditi sekularne promjene antropometrijskih karakteristika i nekih motoričkih sposobnosti adolescenata tijekom 20 godina.Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 177 srednjoškolaca, starih 15-16 godina. Prvo mjerenje provedeno je 1998. godine i u njemu je sudjelovalo 89 učenika (63 djevojke i 26 mladića), a drugo mjerenje provedeno je 2018. godine i uključeno je 88 učenika (53 djevojke i 35 mladića). Svim sudionicima izmjerena je tjelesna visina i tjelesna masa. Izvršeni su dodatni testovi motoričkih sposobnosti: skok u dalj s mjesta (eksplozivna snaga), pretklon raznožno (fleksibilnost), podizanje trupa (repetitivna snaga) i poligon unatraške (koordinacija). T test i deskriptivna statistika korišteni su za utvrđivanje razlika između dvije generacije i razlika između spolova.Ovo istraživanje ne pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku u antropometrijskim karakteristikama među adolescentima tijekom posljednjih 20 godina. Mladići i djevojke u dobi od 15 i 16 godina izmjereni u 2018. godini nešto su viši, teži i ITM im je gotovo jednak kao i generaciji izmjerenoj 1998. Što se tiče motoričkih sposobnosti između generacija adolescenata izmjerenih u 1998. i 2018., nema negativnoga trenda osim u fleksibilnosti gdje su ispitanici mjereni prije 20 godina pokazali statistički bolje rezultate.Rezultati ovoga istraživanja pokazuju da su promicanje slobodne igre i vježbanja, mogućnosti bavljenja organiziranim sportom i kvalitetna provedba nastave Tjelesnoga odgoja vrlo važni za doprinos poboljšanju motoričkih sposobnosti i održavanju pozitivnih antropometrijskih karakteristika kod adolescenata.Ključne riječi: antropometrijske karakteristike; mladići i djevojke; transverzalno istraživanje
The aim of this study was to determine differences in some anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of students at the Faculty of Teacher Education and students of the Lithuanian Academy of ...Physical Education. The results were compared using the Euro-fit standards. The sample consisted of 148 students of the Faculty of Teacher Education and 206 students of the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education from Kaunas. The age of students of both faculties ranged between 19-22 years. The sample of variables consisted of three measures used to assess the anthropometric characteristics, and five tests for the assessment of motor skills. Descriptive statistics were calculated based on the collected data, while ANOVA was used for the purpose of determining the difference in measured variables between two student groups. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in measured anthropometric characteristics, but statistically significant differences in favour of the Lithuanian students were obtained for balance and repetitive speed in favour of the students of Faculty of Teacher Education. However, in light of the Euro-fit standards, it can be concluded that the results for both groups of students fall into the category of below average results in all tests. It is however important to emphasize that the results of this study show that both Croatian and Lithuanian students are in the category of normal values of body mass index. Adapted from the source document.
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine differences in some anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of students at the Faculty of Teacher Education and students of the Lithuanian ...Academy of Physical Education. The results were compared using the Euro-fit standards. The sample consisted of 148 students of the Faculty of Teacher Education and 206 students of the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education from Kaunas. The age of students of both faculties ranged between 19-22 years. The sample of variables consisted of three measures used to assess the anthropometric characteristics, and five tests for the assessment of motor skills. Descriptive statistics were calculated based on the collected data, while ANOVA was used for the purpose of determining the difference in measured variables between two student groups. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in measured anthropometric characteristics, but statistically significant differences in favour of the Lithuanian students were obtained for balance and repetitive speed in favour of the students of Faculty of Teacher Education. However, in light of the Euro-fit standards, it can be concluded that the results for both groups of students fall into the category of below average results in all tests. It is however important to emphasize that the results of this study show that both Croatian and Lithuanian students are in the category of normal values of body mass index.Key words: anthropometric characteristics; BMI; faculty; motor skills---SažetakCilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi razlike u nekim antropometrijskim karakteristikama i motoričkim sposobnostima studentica Učiteljskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu i studentica litvanske Akademije za tjelesnu i zdravstvenu kulturu, te dobivene rezultate usporediti s Eurofit standardima. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 148 studentica Učiteljskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu i 206 studentica litvanske Akademije za tjelesnu i zdravstvenu kulturu iz Kaunasa. Dob studentica obiju fakulteta kretala se između 19 i 22 godine. Uzorak varijabli sastojao se od tri mjere za procjenu antropometrijskih karakteristika i pet testova za procjenu stanja motoričkih sposobnosti. Na osnovi prikupljenih podataka izračunata je deskriptivna statistika, dok je u svrhu utvrđivanja razlika u izmjerenim varijablama između dviju grupa studentica, korištena ANOVA. Iz dobivenih se rezultata može zaključiti da nisu dobivene statistički značajne razlike u mjerenim antropometrijskim karakteristikama, dok su dobivene statistički značajne razlike u ravnoteži, u korist litvanskih studentica, i repetitivnoj brzini, u korist hrvatskih studentica. Međutim, pogledom na Eurofit standarde može se zaključiti da rezultati obiju grupa studentica pripadaju kategoriji ispodprosječnih rezultata u svim testovima. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata važno je naglasiti kako se i hrvatske i litvanske studentice nalaze u kategoriji normalnih vrijednosti indeksa tjelesne mase.Ključne riječi: antropometrijske sposobnosti; fakultet; ITM; motoričke sposobnosti.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- U zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća zabilježeno je značajno smanjenje razine tjelesne aktivnosti djece s istovremenim prekomjernim ...povećanjem pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi trend pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti i razinu tjelesne aktivnosti učenika i učenica u primarnoj edukaciji kroz 4 godine. Sudionici istraživanja bili su učenici iz dvije osnovne škole u Zagrebu, ukupno pet razreda, tj. 107 učenika oba spola. Uzorak varijabli činilo je 8 varijabli iz anketnog upitnika za procjenu razine tjelesne aktivnosti. Razina tjelesne aktivnosti procijenjena je Felsovim upitnikom za djecu od 7-19 godina. Za procjenu pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti izmjereni su: visina tijela, tjelesna masa, potkožno masno tkivo-kožni nabor leđa i kožni nabor nadlaktice, opseg nadlaktice te opseg podlaktice. Analiza trenda pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti i razine tjelesne aktivnosti testirana je polinomijalnom regresijskom analizom. Za izračunavanje razlika po spolu u razini tjelesne aktivnosti i pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti te energetskoj potrošnji, korištena je univarijatna analiza varijance za ponovljena mjerenja. Za utvrđivanje povezanosti između pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti i razine tjelesne aktivnosti korišten je Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije. Energetska potrošnja procijenjena je uz pomoć Harris Benedict formule u kojoj se bazalni metabolizam množi s faktorom aktivnosti.
Rezultati su pokazali kako postoji značajan utjecaj vremena na pojedine pokazatelje stanja uhranjenosti i indekse pojedinih komponenti tjelesne aktivnosti, dok ukupna tjelesna aktivnost tijekom godina stagnira. Između dječaka i djevojčica ne postoji značajna razlika u indeksima tjelesne aktivnosti i energetskoj potrošnji, dok postoji u tjelesnoj visini i opsegu podlaktice u korist dječaka. Povezanost između pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti i varijabli za procjenu razine tjelesne aktivnosti može se potvrditi kod djevojčica, ali ne i kod dječaka. Tijekom godina dječaci više vremena provode u aktivnostima srednjeg intenziteta, a djevojčice u aktivnostima niskog intenziteta.
S obzirom na dobivene rezultate ovog longitudinalnog istraživanja, može se zaključiti da djeca trebaju što prije povećati razinu tjelesne aktivnosti kako se trend povećanja postotka tjelesne masti ne bi nastavio kretati u pozitivnom smjeru.- In the last few decades, there was a significant reduction in physical activity level of children with simultaneous excessive increase of nutritional status indicators.
The main objective of this research was to determine the trend of nutritional status indicators and physical activity level of students in primary education over a period of 4 years.
The sample consisted of students from two primary schools in Zagreb, a total of five grades, 107 students of both genders. The sample of variables consisted of eight variables from the questionnaire to assess the level of physical activity. The level of physical activity was estimated by Fels's questionnaire for children between 7 and 19 years of age. Body height, body weight, subcutaneous fat tissue-back skinfold and arm skinfold, upper arm and forearm girth were measured for the estimation of nutritional status indicators. Trend analysis of nutritional status indicators and physical activity level was tested by polynomial regression analysis. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to calculate the differences in physical activity level by gender and nutritional status indicators, as for energy expenditure calculation. Pearsons's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between nutritional status indicators and the physical activity level. Energy consumption was estimated with the help of Harris Benedict formula in which basal metabolic rate is multiplied by an activity factor.
From the results it can be concluded that there is significant impact of time on different indicators of nutritional status and indexes of physical activity, while total physical activity over the years has stagnated. There was no significant difference in the physical activity indexes and energy expenditure between boys and girls, but there is significant difference in body height and forearm girth in favor of boys. The association between nutritional status indicators and the physical activity level estimation variables can be confirmed in girls but not in boys. Over the years, the boys spend more time in activities of moderate intensity while girls spend more time in activities of low intensity.
Given the results of this longitudinal study, it can be concluded that children need to increase the level of physical activity to stop increase of body fat percentage, as soon as possible.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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