The aim of this research is to characterize of Lactobacillus spp. from natural Ethawah goat milk-fermented were using 16SrDNA by denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Goat and ...bovine (as negative control) milk naturally fermented among 24hour until 6 days. Morphological and biochemistry of bacteria were characterized by standard methods. The total DNA of bacteria were isolated using alkali lysis, PCR amplification was carried out using 3 pairs of specific primers, DNA-amplified using DGGE and then to determine the relationship among Lactobacteria using NTsys package software V2.0. Phenotypical and biochemical study showed that the 11 strains are belonging to genus Lactobacillus. The dendogram results show all of isolates had similarity characters with genus Lactobacillus around 56-76%. According to morphological and DDGE profiles, we were identified that bacteria isolate of goat milk-fermented are K1A, and K3A are L. casei,and bacteria isolate K3B is L. plantarum.
This research paper describes the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst (Potassium hydroxide (KOH)-impregnated eggshell) from waste chicken eggshell using the wet impregnation technique. In this ...experiment, the catalyst was derived from eggshell that was calcined at 800 °C for 5 h. It was impregnated with KOH at various KOH concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The best catalyst was obtained by eggshell impregnated with 20% KOH concentration. This result was supported by the analysis of the catalyst characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), which showed that the catalyst contained CaCO3 and CaOH groups. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was also used to analyze the types of mineral contained in the catalyst, including calcium, potassium, sulfur, and other impurities. It revealed that the optimum minerals were found in the KOH-impregnated eggshell (20%) catalyst of 94.42% calcium, 5.06% potassium, and a small amount of other impurities. These optimum minerals serve as active sites to increase the biodiesel yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the catalyst samples appear as small, spherical, homogenous, and solid particles. The catalytic activity was investigated by the transesterification of Reutalism trisperma oil in various types of catalyst (KOH-impregnated eggshell, eggshell, and KOH-impregnated CaO), percentages of catalyst loading (weight of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) and molar ratios (methanol to oil of 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1) for 60 min at 60 °C. The result indicated the optimum catalyst loading was 5 wt% with an 84.57% biodiesel yield. While the best molar ratio was 12:1 (methanol:oil) with a 97.95% biodiesel yield. The optimum condition was gained using a molar ratio of 12:1, 5 wt% catalyst loading, and KOH-impregnated eggshell with a 94% biodiesel yield.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Used cooking oil has the potential as biodiesel so that it can reduce environmental pollution. Transesterification of triglycerides in used cooking oil with an alcohol to form methyl esters of fatty ...acids or biodiesel and glycerol. The type of catalyst is one of the determinants of the transesterification reaction and coal fly ash has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of the oil-methanol ratio and the time of the transesterification of used cooking oil to the yield of biodiesel produced using an alkali-activated fly ash catalyst. Transesterification is carried out at 60 °C, the stirring speed is 700 rpm, and the amount of catalyst load is 4%. The result, the highest yield of biodiesel reached almost 89%. This biodiesel consists of 48.86% methyl oleate and 33.86% methyl palmitate and has a density that meets the Indonesian National Standard, which is 0.85 - 0.90 g/cm3. Finally, the BET test on the fly ash catalyst shows a catalyst surface area of around 104.106 m2/g.
Perhatian terhadap biopolimer pada zaman sekarang semakin meningkat disebabkan oleh banyaknya bahan kemasan berbasis plastik yang tak dapat terurai secara alami. Kitosan dapat dijadikan sebagai ...alternatif pengganti polimer sintetik untuk material yang baru. Untuk melihat kesesuaian suatu material sebagai bahan pengemas makanan, perlu dilakukan kajian terhadap sifat mekanik dan permeabilitas. Sifat mekanik digunakan untuk memprediksi perilaku film selama pengangkutan, penanganan dan penyimpanan makanan kemasan. Sifat penghalang memainkan peran kunci dalam menjaga kualitas produk makanan. Sifat mekanik dan permeabilitas film kitosan murni cocok untuk kemasan makanan dan kemasan aktif. Sifat-sifat ini dapat dimodifikasi dengan menggabungkan kitosan dengan material lain seperti pemplastis, polisakarida, protein dan lipid. Kombinasi ini menyesuaikan sifat-sifat hasil polimer akhir untuk memperpanjang masa simpan makanan, sambil mempertahankan sifat kualitas makanan dan kemampuan terurai secara alami dari polimer tersebut. Kitosan juga menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba yang baik terhadap berbagai macam jamur makanan, ragi, dan bakteri gram negatif dan gram positif. Sifat antimikroba ini telah menjadikan kitosan sebagai polimer untuk pengembangan kemasan aktif dengan kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme serta meningkatkan keamanan pangan.
Synthetic plastic waste is one of the most concerning problems on our earth today. For that reason, many researchers are currently developing biodegradable plastics as a substitute for synthetic ...plastics for food packaging purposes. However, biodegradable plastics have poor mechanical properties because of their characterteristics as biopolymers, such as brittle and fragile. Chitosan has often been used as an additive in starch or PVA mixtures because of its biodegradability. Meanwhile, PVA itself is widely used in polymer blends because it can increase the flexibility and tensile strength of biodegradable plastic. The aim of this study is to develop a biodegradable plastic based on chitosan, cassava starch, and PVA with the addition of crude glycerol as a plasticizer. Observation of the effect of chitosan, starch, and PVA content on the mechanical properties of chitosan/cassava starch/PVA biodegradable plastics were carried out using Design-Expert Version 10.0.1 with Response Surface Methodology-Box Behnken Design. The composition of chitosan, starch, and PVA was varied from the range of 1–3 g, 1–5 g, and 1–5 g respectively. The optimization results suggest that biodegradable plastic with the composition of 3 g chitosan, 1 g starch, and 5 g PVA has the highest tensile strength and elongation values. The optimum biodegradable plastic showed that it was degraded by 50.45% of its weight after being buried in the soil for 30 days. Furthermore, the optimum biodegradable plastic can be investigated for its characteristics in further research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a silent killer which the prevalence continues to increase in every year. Increased oxidative stress occurs in T2DM. Red betel and bitter herb leaf ...extracts (RBBH) contain a lot of antioxidants. This combination is expected to provide better safety than if used singly because the content of andrographolid in bitter herb has effect such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and antifertility if consumed in high doses.Objective: The study aimed to prove the effect of red betel and bitter herb leaf extracts on antioxidant total and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in T2DM rats given high-fat diet and Streptozotocin (STZ) induction.Methods: Experimental randomized study with pre-post-test control group design using 25 Sprague Dawley male rats. T2DM model was conducted by providing high-fat feed for 14 days and induction of Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide, then given a combination of red betel and bitter herb leaf extracts at doses of 237.5 mg/kg BW, 225 mg/kg BW, and 212.5 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The measurement of antioxidant total used 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) method. HOMA-IR measured by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method using insulin level equation and fasting blood glucose level measured by glucose oxidase-peroxidase aminoantrypirin (GOD-PAP). Data analysis used paired t-test, wilcoxon test, and ANOVA test to analyze differences in antioxidant total and HOMA-IR value among groups and followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test.Results: All treatments could reduce HOMA-IR and significantly increase antioxidant total (p<0.05). The most decrease in HOMA-IR and increase in antioxidant total at dose 237.5 mg/kg BW of red betel and bitter herb leaf extracts.Conclusion: The combination of red betel and bitter herb leaf extracts with dose 237.5 mg/kg BW, 225 mg/kg BW, and 212.5 mg/kg BW can improve blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels in type-2 diabetes mellitus rats.
•Refuse-derived fuel used in this study is 100% composed of organic waste.•This study will discuss the impact of co-firing refuse-derived fuel up to 20 wt%.•SO2 emissions decrease, while NOX ...increases when RDF cofiring is carried out on coal.•Cofiring RDF up to 10 wt% produces less ash-related problems than 15 wt% and 20 wt%.
Almost half of municipal solid waste deposited in landfills comprises organic components. Processing organic waste into refuse-derived fuel will enhance the waste’s chemical and physical characteristics, making it similar to solid fuel. This fuel can be used as a co-firing mixture in coal-fired power plants. Conversely, utilizing organic RDF (RDF-O) in pulverized coal boilers will cause ash-related problems, such as slagging, fouling, and corrosion, during combustion due to high alkali and chlorine contents. This study discusses the impact of ash problems and RDF-O comprising 5–20 wt% of coal using comprehensive analysisof empirical calculations, ash characteristics analysis, drop tube furnace (DTF) combustion, ash morphology, and mineralogy using SEM-EDS and XRD. The results show that the total chlorine in RDF-O (1985 ppm) increases the total chlorine in the blend samples (228, 323, 418, and 512 ppm), exceeding that in coal (131 ppm). Co-firing coal and RDF-O up to 10 wt% results in clean probe observation, relatively low gas emission, no sintering ash morphology, and minerals with high-melting temperature, indicating that this composition has a low tendency of slagging, fouling, and corrosion. RDF-O 15 wt% sample has small spots in the slagging and fouling probe which indicates there is some potential slagging and fouling tendency. Moreover, the addition of RDF-O up to 20 wt% clearly indicates a serious ash-related problem as shown on both probes representing slagging and fouling areas.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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