The use of activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in industry gives a by- product in the form of sludge cake. Sludge cake presents a new problem for the environment because its ...accumulation causes the land to become unproductive, disrupts aesthetics, increases microbial activity, and pollutes water and soil, which can be harmful to humans and the environment. PT X is one of the industries that produces 80 kg/day of sludge cake. Based on laboratory results, X WWTP sludge cake has the potential to be used as an organic fertilizer. However, the use of sludge cake as organic fertilizer does not meet fertilizer quality standards and does not provide optimal results for plants. Goat manure is known to increase the organic fertilizer content of sludge cake in accordance with fertilizer quality standards. This research aims to find the best formula for adding goat manure to WWTP sludge cake which is carried out using four treatments, namely sludge cake without treatment, and the addition of goat manure 1.4 kg, 2.1 kg, and 2.8 kg. The stages of the research include the preparation of raw materials, the manufacture of organic fertilizers, and testing the content of organic fertilizers. The results showed that there was an increase in physical and chemical parameters on organic fertilizers, namely pH (6.6), C (22.14%), N (3.55%), P (4.65%), K (0.45%), Ca (0.52%), and Mg (0.26)), as well as a decrease in water content (15.40%) at the end of composting. The addition of goat manure with a combination of other additives to X TWP sludge cake can meet organic fertilizer quality standards. The addition of 2.1 kg of goat manure is the best formula to increase organic fertilizer.
east biomass is often used in the fermentation of bread dough. Dough fermentation can be maximized by adding a nitrogen source. This study used yeast isolates from salak pondoh (YIS-3, YIS-4, and ...YIS-7). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen addition on yeast growth and bread quality. This study used an experimental approach. The results of the growth study showed that all isolates treated with 0.05% urea produced higher biomass and cell counts than those treated with control. The highest biomass was produced by YIS-7, which was 3.81 g/300mL, while the highest number of cells was produced by YIS-3, which was 29.02x106 cells/mL. The percentage of proofing results showed that all yeast isolates treated with 0.05% urea needed a longer time to achieve the highest proofing. However, the volume of bread after baking showed better results than those treated with control. The largest volume of bread produced by YIS-3, was 972.14 cm3. The results of the organoleptic test showed that P<5%, which means that all treatments had a significant effect on the taste, aroma, color, and texture of the bread. Overall, the panelists gave good acceptance of the bread fermented by YIS-3 with 0.05% urea treatment. So it can be concluded that the addition of urea with a concentration of 0.05% in YIS-3 gave the best effect on the yeast growth and bread quality.
Beberapa jenis mikroba dapat menyebabkan patologis yang cukup serius bagi manusia ataupun makhluk hidup lainnya, salah satunya adalah Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Senyawa aktif dari ...daun sukun Artocarpus altilis memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, namun eksploitasi tanaman dapat mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan ekosistem. Fungi endofit hidup di dalam sel jaringan tanaman sehat dan dapat menghasilkan jenis metabolit sekunder yang sama dengan tanaman inangnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi dan menyeleksi fungi endofit dari daun A. altilis yang memiliki potensi sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap S. aureus dan E. coli. Metode yang digunakan yaitu isolasi fungi endofit dari daun A. altilis dan mengidentifikasinya secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus dan E. coli dilakukan ekstraksi metabolit sekunder bakteri endofit dan uji fitokimia menggunakan metode difusi, pengenceran cair, dan padat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapatkan empat isolat fungi endofit daun A. altilis yang diberi kode IS01, IS02, IS03 dan IS04. Fungi endofit IS01 memiliki aktivitas antibakteri sangat kuat, IS03 kuat, IS02 sedang, dan IS04 lemah terhadap patogen E. coli dan kuat terhadap patogen S. aureus. Fungi endofit daun A. altilis dapat berperan sebagai antibakteri terhadap S. aureus dan E. coli.
TRAINING ON MAKING NATA DE COCO FOR PKK ORGANISATION IN TASIKMADU, LOWOKWARU, MALANG CITY. One of the functional food products is nata. Nata is a collection of cellulose which has a chewy texture, ...white, producing gel sheets that float on the liquid surface. Material that is often used as a medium for making nata is coconut water, known as Nata de Coco. Acetobacter xylinum bacteria are added in the process of making nata de coco on steril condition. The process is important to be informed to the community, in particular the PKK organization through community development program. The methods used include lectures, practice and evaluation. Survey of partners showed that 23,8% had known the process of making nata de coco while 76,2% had not known the process, through this training, 68% partners strongly agree nata production is used as a business idea.
Background and objective: Lactobacillus casei AP are probiotic bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tracts of Indonesian breast-fed infants. Lactobacillus casei AP can degrade inulin through ...metabolic pathways that involve certain proteins. However, detailed information on how inulin is metabolized by this strain is limited. The aim of this study was to identify intracellular proteins that play roles in metabolism of inulin. Material and methods: Bacteria were cultured on media containing commercial inulin or inulin extracted from dahlia tubers as the sole carbon source and protein identification was carried out using intracellular extraction. The bacterial intracellular proteins were isolated and separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then peptides were identified using electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the identified proteins, corresponding genes involved in inulin metabolism were identified and their expression levels were quantified using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reactions. Results and conclusion: Comparisons of intracellular proteins from Lactobacillus casei AP cultured in inulin and MRS control media showed a different protein band at 70 kDa in bacterial cells cultured in inulin or inulin extract. This protein was identified as a glycoside hydrolase (α-2,1 glycosidic) with a gene expression value of 1.55 or a fructan hydrolase (β-2,1 fructo-furanosidic) with a gene expression value of 2.68, compared to controls. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Purpose: The aim of this research is to analysis 16S rRNA gene sequence of Lactobacillus spp. from natural fermented milk.
Material and Methods: The methods that used in this study are total DNA ...isolation using alkaline lysis, PCR amplification carried out using of specific primers, and identification of amplified DNA using sequencing. The result of PCR process is a nuclotide with approximately 585 bp length which contained V1-V3 variable regions. 16S rRNA gene sequence then compared and aligned with existing 16S rRNA data sequence from GenBank.
Results: The conserved region of 16S rRNA gene from nuclotide number 189-358 and 384-445 were 95,9% and 94,9% respectively, and the total conserved region of 16S rRNA gene is 78.8%. From total 7 isolates that isolated from natural fermented milk , 2 isolates were identified as L. plantarum with similarity value 98.28% and 97.78%, the other 5 isolates were identified as L. rhamnosus (2 isolates) with similarity value 98.38% and 97.51%, L. zeae (2 isolates) with similarity value 97.36% and 98.38%, and L. casei (1 isolate) with similarity value 98.20%.
Conclusion: These results indicate the test isolates are members of the genus Lactobacillus, but classified in different species.
Exopolysaccharides get a lot of attention because they can improve the host immune system. Exopolysaccharide is a polysaccharide that is produced and secreted from microbes outside the cell, usually ...found on the outside of the bacterial structure. The Lactobacillus casei group from human breast milk is thought to have the ability to produce exopolysaccharides. The purpose of the study was to examine the exopolysaccharide of the L. casei group that was isolated from breast milk. The methods used include the gravimetric, the phenol-sulfuric acid and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). The results showed that the L. casei group could produce exopolysaccharides, and had high exopolysaccharide total sugar content. Lactobacillus paracasei had the highest exopolysaccharide and total sugar content of 3660 mg/L and 80.6%, respectively. The FTIR results of the L. casei group exopolysaccharides showed the presence of hydroxyl functional groups O-H (3425.76-3295.98 cm-1), methyl C-H (2930.86-2856.70 cm-1), carbonyl C=O (1660.11-1647.27 cm-1), C-H (1456.16-1373.44 cm-1) and C-O-C ether (1071.08-1056.82 cm-1) which are specific characters of exopolysaccharides. Since the FTIR profile demonstrates that the L. casei group can produce exopolysaccharides, it has greater potential as a a probiotic.
The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from human breast milk is known as probiotics and comprises numerous health benefits. This study aims to select and determine the species name of LAB based on ...the 16S rRNA gene, which has the potential to be the best indigenous probiotic. The method used included analysis of LAB resistance at acidic pH 2.0 and bile salts (0.5 %), antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, and determining the autoaggregation properties. LAB isolates with the best ability in the analysis were then identified using a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. The isolation and purification revealed eight LAB isolates with different parameters named as L19A, L19B, L19C, L19D, L19E, L19F, L19G, and L19H. Isolates L19A, L19E, and L19H have good tolerance ability against acid pH and bile salts, compared to others. Meanwhile, the L19H isolate had the strongest antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and C. albicans ATCC 11778, while the L19A had the highest hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and coaggregation ability. Based on the partial sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, the L19A, L19E, and L19H have similar values with L. casei, L. rhamnosus, and L. paracasei, respectively. These isolates belong to the L. casei group (LCG) from human breast milk, which can be used as an indigenic probiotic.
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