Kainate type glutamate receptors (KARs) are strongly expressed in GABAergic interneurons and have the capability of modulating their functions via ionotropic and G-protein coupled mechanisms. ...GABAergic interneurons are critical for generation of coordinated network activity in both neonatal and adult brain, yet the role of interneuronal KARs in network synchronization remains unclear. Here, we show that GABAergic neurotransmission and spontaneous network activity is perturbed in the hippocampus of neonatal mice lacking GluK1 KARs selectively in GABAergic neurons. Endogenous activity of interneuronal GluK1 KARs maintains the frequency and duration of spontaneous neonatal network bursts and restrains their propagation through the hippocampal network. In adult male mice, the absence of GluK1 in GABAergic neurons led to stronger hippocampal gamma oscillations and enhanced theta-gamma cross frequency coupling, coinciding with faster spatial relearning in the Barnes maze. In females, loss of interneuronal GluK1 resulted in shorter sharp wave ripple oscillations and slightly impaired abilities in flexible sequencing task. In addition, ablation of interneuronal GluK1 resulted in lower general activity and novel object avoidance, while causing only minor anxiety phenotype. These data indicate a critical role for GluK1 containing KARs in GABAergic interneurons in regulation of physiological network dynamics in the hippocampus at different stages of development.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Obtaining hydrological information in general, as well as determining the estimated water levels on water bodies, are mostly associated with the construction of hydraulic structures that allow the ...use of water for the needs of the national economy. The oil production industry is widely developed on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Often oil and gas fields are located in sparsely populated areas where there is no information about the hydrological regime of watercourses. In order to ensure the safe operation of construction projects, there is a need to obtain hydrological information for crossed or nearby watercourses. Thus, this type of work is performed almost everywhere to solve similar problems. In this article, studies of the Iga River, located in the right bank of the Ob River, were carried out. To identify the degree of influence of the river level in different periods of the year, hydrological calculations of spring floods and rain floods were performed. Based on the calculations, a graph of the relationship between costs and levels was constructed. To determine the possible backup of the level of the Ob River to the level regime of the Iga River during periods of high waters, the levels of the Ob River were determined. Based on the analysis of joint levels, a conclusion was made about the influence of the Ob on the hydrological regime of the Iga River
Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring provides information not only on the BP level but also on the diurnal changes in BP. In the present review, we summarized the main findings of the ...International Database on Ambulatory BP in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDACO) with regard to risk stratification based on BP variability. The predictive accuracy of daytime and nighttime BP and the night-to-day BP ratio depended on the disease outcome under study and treatment status, and differed for fatal outcomes compared with the composite of fatal and nonfatal diseases. An exaggerated morning surge, exceeding the 90th percentile of the population, is an independent risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular and cardiac events. Conversely, a sleep-trough or preawakening morning surge in systolic BP below 20 mm Hg is probably not associated with an increased risk of death or cardiovascular events. BP variability as captured by the average of the daytime and nighttime s.d. weighted for the duration of the daytime and nighttime interval (s.d.(dn)) and the average real variability (ARV(24)) predicted the outcome, but improved the prediction of the composite of all cardiovascular events by only 0.1%. In conclusion, the IDACO observations support the concept that BP variability adds to risk stratification, but above all highlight that 24-h ambulatory BP level remains the main predictor to be considered in clinical practice.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We report the synthesis and electronic properties of the correlated metal CaVO3, grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. Films were grown on (100) LaAlO3 substrates at a temperature of 900 °C by ...supplying a flux of elemental Ca through a thermal effusion cell and metalorganic precursor, vanadium oxitriisopropoxide, as a source of vanadium. The presence of a self-regulated growth regime was revealed by the appearance of a specific surface reconstruction detected by reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Films grown within the growth window were characterized by atomically flat surfaces. X-ray reciprocal space maps revealed that the films were coherently strained to the substrate and inherited its twinned microstructure. Despite the presence of twin walls, CaVO3 thin films, grown within the stoichiometric growth window, revealed very low electrical resistivities at low temperatures, with residual resistivity ratios exceeding 90, while films grown at either Ca- or V-excess show deteriorated transport properties, attributed to the presence of extrinsic defects arising from the non-stoichiometry present in these films.
OBJECTIVETo investigate the multivariate-adjusted predictive value of systolic and diastolic blood pressures on conventional (CBP) and daytime (10–20 h) ambulatory (ABP) measurement.
METHODSWe ...randomly recruited 7030 subjects (mean age 56.2 years; 44.8% women) from populations in Belgium, Denmark, Japan and Sweden. We constructed the International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure and Cardiovascular Outcomes.
RESULTSDuring follow-up (median = 9.5 years), 932 subjects died. Neither CBP nor ABP predicted total mortality, of which 60.9% was due to noncardiovascular causes. The incidence of fatal combined with nonfatal cardiovascular events amounted to 863 (228 deaths, 326 strokes and 309 cardiac events). In multivariate-adjusted continuous analyses, both CBP and ABP predicted cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, cardiac and coronary events. However, in fully-adjusted models, including both CBP and ABP, CBP lost its predictive value (P ≥ 0.052), whereas systolic and diastolic ABP retained their prognostic significance (P ≤ 0.007) with the exception of diastolic ABP as predictor of cardiac and coronary events (P ≥ 0.21). In adjusted categorical analyses, normotension was the referent group (CBP < 140/90 mmHg and ABP < 135/85 mmHg). Adjusted hazard ratios for all cardiovascular events were 1.22 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96–1.53; P = 0.09 for white-coat hypertension (≥ 140/90 and < 135/85 mmHg); 1.62 (95% CI = 1.35–1.96; P < 0.0001) for masked hypertension (< 140/90 and ≥ 135/85 mmHg); and 1.80 (95% CI = 1.59–2.03; P < 0.0001) for sustained hypertension (≥ 140/90 and ≥ 135/85 mmHg).
CONCLUSIONSABP is superior to CBP in predicting cardiovascular events, but not total and noncardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular risk gradually increases from normotension over white-coat and masked hypertension to sustained hypertension.
Background
New techniques of Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) enable the measurement of myocardial velocities and provide information about left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. Recent studies ...explored the prognostic role of TDI‐derived indexes. However, these studies considered only total mortality and did not provide information on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Therefore, we investigated in continuous and categorical analyses whether Doppler diastolic indexes contained any prognostic information over and beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors in a general population.
Methods and Results
We measured early and late diastolic peak velocities of mitral inflow (E and A) by conventional Doppler, and the mitral annular velocities (e' and a') by TDI in 793 participants (mean age 50.9 years). We calculated multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios for conventional and TDI Doppler indexes, while accounting for family cluster and cardiovascular risk factors. Median follow‐up was 4.8 years (5th to 95th percentile, 3.0 to 5.4). With adjustments applied for covariables, e' velocity was a significant predictor of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular (n=59; P=0.004) and cardiac events (n=40; P=0.001). TDI e' yielded a net reclassification improvement of 54.2% for cardiovascular and 64.0% for cardiac events. Hazard ratios of all cardiovascular (2.21; P=0.042) and cardiac (4.50; P=0.002) events were significantly elevated in participants with increased LV filling pressure compared with subjects with normal diastolic function.
Conclusions
TDI e' velocity is a significant predictor of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in a general population. Furthermore, we observed an increase in all cardiovascular events in the diastolic dysfunction group characterized by elevated LV filling pressure.
Aim. To assess myocardial changes during left bundle branch block (LBBB) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and in structurally normal hearts. Materials and methods. Seventy three patients ...with clinic-instrumental signs of DCM, were divided into 2 groups with LBBB (group 1; n=41) and without LBBB (group 2; n=32). Moreover, 15 patients with LBBB with no signs of structural heart diseases (group 3) and 10 healthy subjects were included in the study. Fibrosis assessment and the inflammation detection was performed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The inflammation in 15 patients from group 1 and 16 patients from group 2 was confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Moreover, the level of transforming growing factor β1was assessed in serum of all patients and healthy subjects (TGF-β1). Results. The diffuse inflammatory process was defined in 46.7% cases of group 1 according to EMB data. The frequency of inflammation detection in groups 1 and 2 was comparable in EMB analyses (p=0,64) and CMR analyses (12,2% positive cases in group 1 vs 50% in group 2; p=0,18). The frequency of focal left ventricular fibrosis and intramural scar in the interventricular septum (“stria”) was also comparable in groups 1 and 2: 16 (39%) positive cases with focal fibrosis in group 1 versus 17 (53%) cases in group 2; p=0,35 and 6 (14,6%) cases with intramural scar in group 1 versus 7 (22%) in group 2; p=0,12. Patients from group 3 demonstrated no late gadolinium enhancement on CMR images but increased TGF-β1 level in the serum. Conclusion. Focal myocardial fibrosis is not related to the LBBB. Patients with idiopathic LBBB are characterized by increased TGF-β1 level with no myocardial fibrosis. Diffuse inflammation in LBBB-DCM patients may contribute to the progression of systolic dysfunction but is not the reason for LBBB formation.
As in any other phase transition, hydrate phase transition kinetics involves an implicit coupling of phase transition thermodynamic control and the associated dynamics of mass and heat transport. ...This work provides a brief overview of certain selected hydrate film growth models with an emphasis on analyzing the hydrate phase transition dynamics. Our analysis is based on the fundamental properties of hydrate and hydrate/liquid water interfaces derived from molecular modeling. We demonstrate that hydrate phase transitions involving water-dominated phases are characterized by heat transport several orders of magnitude faster than mass transport, strongly suggesting that any hydrate phase transition kinetic models based on heat transport will be entirely incorrect as far as thermodynamics is concerned. We therefore propose that theoretical studies focusing on hydrate nucleation and growth should be based on concepts that incorporate all the relevant transport properties. We also illustrate this point using the example of a fairly simplistic kinetic model, that of classical nucleation theory (CNT), modified to incorporate new models for mass transport across water/hydrate interfaces. A novel and consistent model suitable for the calculation of enthalpies is also discussed and appropriate calculations for pure components and relevant mixtures of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen are demonstrated. This residual thermodynamic model for hydrate is consistent with the free energy model for hydrate and ensures that our revised CNT model is thermodynamically harmonious.
Objective
To mitigate the burden associated with heart failure (HF), primary prevention is of the utmost importance. To improve early risk stratification, advanced computational methods such as ...machine learning (ML) capturing complex individual patterns in large data might be necessary. Therefore, we compared the predictive performance of incident HF risk models in terms of (a) flexible ML models and linear models and (b) models trained on a single cohort (single-center) and on multiple heterogeneous cohorts (multi-center).
Design and methods
In our analysis, we used the meta-data consisting of 30,354 individuals from 6 cohorts. During a median follow-up of 5.40 years, 1,068 individuals experienced a non-fatal HF event. We evaluated the predictive performance of survival gradient boosting (SGB), CoxNet, the PCP-HF risk score, and a stacking method. Predictions were obtained iteratively, in each iteration one cohort serving as an external test set and either one or all remaining cohorts as a training set (single- or multi-center, respectively).
Results
Overall, multi-center models systematically outperformed single-center models. Further, c-index in the pooled population was higher in SGB (0.735) than in CoxNet (0.694). In the precision-recall (PR) analysis for predicting 10-year HF risk, the stacking method, combining the SGB, CoxNet, Gaussian mixture and PCP-HF models, outperformed other models with PR/AUC 0.804, while PCP-HF achieved only 0.551.
Conclusion
With a greater number and variety of training cohorts, the model learns a wider range of specific individual health characteristics. Flexible ML algorithms can be used to capture these diverse distributions and produce more precise prediction models.
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