We have performed a high-resolution 4-13 m spectral survey of the hot molecular gas associated with the massive protostars AFGL 2591 and AFGL 2136, utilizing the Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph ...(EXES) on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, and the iSHELL instrument and Texas EchelonCross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). Here we present the results of this survey with analysis of CO, HCN, C2H2, NH3, and CS, deriving the physical conditions for each species. Also from the IRTF, iSHELL data at 3 m for AFGL 2591 are presented that show HCN and C2H2 in emission. In the EXES and TEXES data, all species are detected in absorption, and temperatures and abundances are found to be high (600 K and 10−6, respectively). Differences of up to an order of magnitude in the abundances of transitions that trace the same ground-state level are measured for HCN and C2H2. The mid-infrared continuum is known to originate in a disk, hence we attribute the infrared absorption to arise in the photosphere of the disk. As absorption lines require an outwardly decreasing temperature gradient, we conclude that the disk is heated in the midplane by viscous heating due to accretion. We attribute the near-IR emission lines to scattering by molecules in the upper layers of the disk photosphere. The absorption lines trace the disk properties at 50 au where high-temperature gas-phase chemistry is taking place. Abundances are consistent with chemical models of the inner disk of Herbig disks.
We present new observations of the NeII emission from the ionized gas in Sgr A West with improved resolution and sensitivity. About half of the emission comes from gas with kinematics indicating it ...is orbiting in a plane tipped about 25degrees from the Galactic plane. This plane is consistent with that derived previously for the circumnuclear molecular disk and the northern arm and western arc ionized features. However, unlike most previous studies, we conclude that the ionized gas is not moving along the ionized features, but on more nearly circular paths. The observed speeds are close to, but probably somewhat less than expected for orbital motions in the potential of the central black hole and stars and have a small inward component. The spatial distribution of the emission is well fitted by a spiral pattern. We discuss possible physical explanations for the spatial distribution and kinematics of the ionized gas, and conclude that both may be best explained by a one-armed spiral density wave, which also accounts for both the observed low velocities and the inward velocity component. We suggest that a density wave may result from the precession of elliptical orbits in the potential of the black hole and stellar mass distribution.
Physical processes that redistribute or remove angular momentum from protoplanetary disks can drive mass accretion onto the star and affect the outcome of planet formation. Despite ubiquitous ...evidence that protoplanetary disks are engaged in accretion, the process(es) responsible remain unclear. Here we present evidence for redshifted molecular absorption in the spectrum of a Class I source that indicates rapid inflow at the disk surface. High-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy of GV Tau N reveals a rich absorption spectrum of individual lines of C2H2, HCN, NH3, and H2O. From the properties of the molecular absorption, we can infer that it carries a significant accretion rate \({\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{abs}}\) ∼ 10−8–10−7 M ⊙ yr−1, comparable to the stellar accretion rates of active T Tauri stars. Thus, we may be observing disk accretion in action. The results may provide observational evidence for supersonic “surface accretion flows,” which have been found in MHD simulations of magnetized disks. The observed spectra also represent the first detection of NH3 in the planet formation region of a protoplanetary disk. With NH3 only comparable in abundance to HCN, it cannot be a major missing reservoir of nitrogen. If, as expected, the dominant nitrogen reservoir in inner disks is instead N2, its high volatility would make it difficult to incorporate into forming planets, which may help to explain the low nitrogen content of the bulk Earth.
ABSTRACT We report a detection of water vapor in the protoplanetary disk around DoAr 44 with the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph-a visitor instrument on the Gemini north telescope. The DoAr ...44 disk consists of an optically thick inner ring and outer disk, separated by a dust-cleared 36 AU gap, and has therefore been termed "pre-transitional." To date, this is the only disk with a large inner gap known to harbor detectable quantities of warm ( K) water vapor. In this work, we detect and spectrally resolve three mid-infrared pure rotational emission lines of water vapor from this source, and use the shapes of the emission lines to constrain the location of the water vapor. We find that the emission originates near 0.3 AU-the inner disk region. This characteristic region coincides with that inferred for both optically thick and thin thermal infrared dust emission, as well as rovibrational CO emission. The presence of water in the dust-depleted region implies substantial columns of hydrogen ( ) as the water vapor would otherwise be destroyed by photodissociation. Combined with the dust modeling, this column implies a gas/small-dust ratio in the optically thin dusty region of . These results demonstrate that DoAr 44 has maintained similar physical and chemical conditions to classical protoplanetary disks in its terrestrial-planet forming regions, in spite of having formed a large gap.
We present high-resolution (R = 75,000-100,000) mid-infrared spectra of the high-mass embedded young star IRS 1 in the NGC 7538 star-forming region. Absorption lines from many rotational states of ...C2H2, 13C12CH2, CH3, CH4, NH3, HCN, HNCO, and CS are seen. The gas temperature, column density, covering factor, line width, and Doppler shift for each molecule are derived. All molecules were fit with two velocity components between -54 and -63 km s-1. We find high column densities (~1016 cm-2) for all the observed molecules compared to values previously reported and present new results for CH3 and HNCO. Several physical and chemical models are considered. The favored model involves a nearly edge-on disk around a massive star. Radiation from dust in the inner disk passes through the disk atmosphere, where large molecular column densities can produce the observed absorption line spectrum.
Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a vast array of conditions. The imaging recommendations for stroke-related conditions involving noninflammatory steno-occlusive arterial and venous cerebrovascular ...disease including carotid stenosis, carotid dissection, intracranial large vessel occlusion, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are encompassed by this document. Additional imaging recommendations regarding complications of these conditions including intraparenchymal hemorrhage and completed ischemic strokes are also discussed. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.
Local immune activation at mucosal surfaces, mediated by mucosal lymphoid tissues, is vital for effective immune responses against pathogens. While pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome ...coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread to multiple organs, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily experience inflammation and damage in their lungs. To investigate this apparent organ-specific immune response, we develop an analytical framework that recognizes the significance of mucosal lymphoid tissues. This framework combines histology, immunofluorescence, spatial transcript profiling, and mathematical modeling to identify cellular and gene expression differences between the lymphoid tissues of the lung and the gut and predict the determinants of those differences. Our findings indicate that mucosal lymphoid tissues are pivotal in organ-specific immune response to SARS-CoV-2, mediating local inflammation and tissue damage and contributing to immune dysfunction. The framework developed here has potential utility in the study of long COVID and may streamline biomarker discovery and treatment design for diseases with differential pathologies at the organ level.
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•Mucosal lymphoid tissues drive organ-specific response during SARS-CoV-2 infection•Injury signature is enriched in the lymphoid tissues of the lung relative to the gut•Lung lymphoid tissues harbor increased inflammatory macrophages during infection•Absence of activated dendritic cells in those tissues suggests immune dysfunction
Ng et al. investigate the role of mucosal lymphoid tissues in SARS-CoV-2 infection, uncovering distinct immune responses in the lung versus the gut. Lung lymphoid tissues exhibit elevated inflammatory macrophages, diminished activated dendritic cells, and amplified injury signatures, underscoring their pivotal role in organ-specific infection response.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Details the safety, mental health, and wellness issues in schools today and focuses on the interactions and collaborations needed among students, teachers, families, community members, and other ...professionals to foster the safety, learning, and well-being of all students.- Brings together cross-disciplinary and cross-stakeholder teams from education, counseling, psychology, human services, juvenile justice, law, and other fields - Focuses on promotion, prevention, early and intensive intervention, and treatment for safety and wellness in schools- Highlights collaborative, culturally competent approaches to family and youth engagement- Provides strategies for threat assessment and crisis management
: Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is best known as a recreational depressant drug, whose use has also been implicated in drug facilitated sexual assault cases. It is also available as a therapeutic ...agent (Xyrem®) used for the treatment of daytime sleepiness or cataplexy associated with narcolepsy. This is a report of a case of a 53‐year‐old woman undergoing treatment with Xyrem® for narcolepsy. The decedent was also prescribed tramadol, gabapentin, cetirizine, modafinil, carisoprodol, and Xyrem®. Toxicological analysis of the blood revealed GHB 165.6 mg/L, and 90.7 mg/L in the urine. Blood GHB concentrations in the range 156–260 mg/L have been reported to induce moderately sound sleep. The combined use of central nervous system depressant drugs, together with her problematic sleep apnea, and snoring (both contraindications for GHB use) were determined to have caused this subject’s death. The manner of death was determined to be accidental.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
As public health guidelines throughout the world have relaxed in response to vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 will remain endemic, fueled by the rise of more ...infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants. Moreover, in the setting of waning natural and vaccine immunity, reinfections have emerged across the globe, even among previously infected and vaccinated individuals. As such, the ability to detect reexposure to and reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 is a key component for global protection against this virus and, more importantly, against the potential emergence of vaccine escape mutations. Accordingly, there is a strong and continued need for the development and deployment of simple methods to detect emerging hot spots of reinfection to inform targeted pandemic response and containment, including targeted and specific deployment of vaccine booster campaigns. In this study, we identify simple, rapid immune biomarkers of reinfection in rhesus macaques, including IgG3 antibody levels against nucleocapsid and FcγR2A receptor binding activity of anti-RBD antibodies, that are recapitulated in human reinfection cases. As such, this cross-species analysis underscores the potential utility of simple antibody titers and function as price-effective and scalable markers of reinfection to provide increased resolution and resilience against new outbreaks.
As public health and social distancing guidelines loosen in the setting of waning global natural and vaccine immunity, a deeper understanding of the immunological response to reexposure and reinfection to this highly contagious pathogen is necessary to maintain public health. Viral sequencing analysis provides a robust but unrealistic means to monitor reinfection globally. The identification of scalable pathogen-specific biomarkers of reexposure and reinfection, however, could significantly accelerate our capacity to monitor the spread of the virus through naive and experienced hosts, providing key insights into mechanisms of disease attenuation. Using a nonhuman primate model of controlled SARS-CoV-2 reexposure, we deeply probed the humoral immune response following rechallenge with various doses of viral inocula. We identified virus-specific humoral biomarkers of reinfection, with significant increases in antibody titer and function upon rechallenge across a range of humoral features, including IgG1 to the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD), IgG3 to the nucleocapsid protein (N), and FcγR2A receptor binding to anti-RBD antibodies. These features not only differentiated primary infection from reexposure and reinfection in monkeys but also were recapitulated in a sequencing-confirmed reinfection patient and in a cohort of putatively reinfected humans that evolved a PCR-positive test in spite of preexisting seropositivity. As such, this cross-species analysis using a controlled primate model and human cohorts reveals increases in antibody titers as promising cross-validated serological markers of reinfection and reexposure.
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