We present ANNz2, a new implementation of the public software for photometric redshift (photo-z) estimation of Collister & Lahav, which now includes generation of full probability distribution ...functions (PDFs). ANNz2 utilizes multiple machine learning methods, such as artificial neural networks and boosted decision/regression trees. The objective of the algorithm is to optimize the performance of the photo-z estimation, to properly derive the associated uncertainties, and to produce both single-value solutions and PDFs. In addition, estimators are made available, which mitigate possible problems of non-representative or incomplete spectroscopic training samples. ANNz2 has already been used as part of the first weak lensing analysis of the Dark Energy Survey, and is included in the experiment's first public data release. Here we illustrate the functionality of the code using data from the tenth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. The code is available for download at http://github.com/IftachSadeh/ANNZ.
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We explore mass estimation of the Local Group via the use of the simple, dynamical `timing argument' in the context of a variety of theories of dark energy and modified gravity: a cosmological ...constant, a perfect fluid with constant equation of state w, quintessence (minimally coupled scalar field), MOND, and symmetrons (coupled scalar field). We explore generic coupled scalar field theories, with the symmetron model as an explicit example. We find that theories which attempt to eliminate dark matter by fitting rotation curves produce mass estimates in the timing argument which are not compatible with the luminous mass of the galaxies alone. Assuming that the galaxies are approaching their first encounter, MOND gives a mass of around 2.7×1010M⊙, roughly 10% of the luminous mass of the LG, although a higher mass can be obtained in the case of a previous fly-by event between the MW and M31. The symmetron model suggests a mass too high to be explained without additional dark matter ( (1012)M⊙), suggesting that there is a missing mass problem in this model. We also demonstrate that tensions in measurements of H0 can produce an uncertainty in the Local Group mass estimate comparable to observational uncertainties on the separation and relative velocity of the galaxies, with values for the mass ranging from 4.4–5.3×1012M⊙ varying h between 0.63 and 0.76.
ABSTRACT We search for excess γ-ray emission coincident with the positions of confirmed and candidate Milky Way satellite galaxies using six years of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). ...Our sample of 45 stellar systems includes 28 kinematically confirmed dark-matter-dominated dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) and 17 recently discovered systems that have photometric characteristics consistent with the population of known dSphs. For each of these targets, the relative predicted γ-ray flux due to dark matter annihilation is taken from kinematic analysis if available, and estimated from a distance-based scaling relation otherwise, assuming that the stellar systems are DM-dominated dSphs. LAT data coincident with four of the newly discovered targets show a slight preference (each 2 local) for γ-ray emission in excess of the background. However, the ensemble of derived γ-ray flux upper limits for individual targets is consistent with the expectation from analyzing random blank-sky regions, and a combined analysis of the population of stellar systems yields no globally significant excess (global significance ). Our analysis has increased sensitivity compared to the analysis of 15 confirmed dSphs by Ackermann et al. The observed constraints on the DM annihilation cross section are statistically consistent with the background expectation, improving by a factor of ∼2 for large DM masses ( and ) and weakening by a factor of ∼1.5 at lower masses relative to previously observed limits.
Abstract
Galaxies are (biased) tracers of the dark matter in theUniverse. This mapping can be conveniently divided into two parts: the connection between galaxies and dark matter haloes (halo ...occupation statistics) and the relation between haloes and the underlying matter distribution. The former is the focus of this paper in which we formulate the concept of non-linear and stochastic galaxy biasing in the framework of halo occupation statistics. Using two-point statistics in projection, we define the galaxy bias function, b
g(r
p), and the galaxy-dark matter cross-correlation function, , where
r
p is the projected distance. We use the analytical halo model to predict how the scale dependence of is the projected distance. We use the analytical halo model to predict how the scale dependence of b
g and , over the range 0.1 ≲ r
p ≲ 30 h
−1 Mpc, depends on the non-linearity and stochasticity in halo occupation models. In particular, we quantify the effect due to the presence of central galaxies, the assumption for the radial distribution of satellite galaxies, the richness of the halo and the Poisson character of the probability to have a certain number of satellite galaxies in the halo of a certain mass. Overall, brighter galaxies reveal a stronger scale dependence, and out to a larger radius. In real space, we find that galaxy bias becomes scale independent, with Mpc, depending on luminosity. However, galaxy bias is scale dependent out to much larger radii when one uses the projected quantities defined in this paper. These projected bias functions have the advantage that they are more easily accessible observationally and that their scale dependence carries a wealth of information regarding the properties of galaxy biasing. To observationally constrain the parameters of the halo model and to unveil the origin of galaxy biasing, we propose the use of the bias function . This function is obtained via a combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering, and it can be measured using existing and forthcoming imaging and spectroscopic galaxy surveys.
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Mental mapping of spaces is essential for the development of efficient orientation and mobility skills. Most of the information required for this mental mapping is gathered through the visual ...channel. People who are blind lack this information, and in consequence, they are required to use compensatory sensorial channels and alternative exploration methods. In this study, people who are blind use a virtual environment (VE) that provides haptic and audio feedback to explore an unknown space. The cognitive mapping of the space based on the VE and the subject's ability to apply this map to accomplish tasks in the real space are examined. Results show clearly that a robust and comprehensive map is constructed, contributing to successful performance in real space tasks.
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We revise the mass estimate of the Local Group (LG) when dark energy (in the form of the cosmological constant) is incorporated into the timing argument (TA) mass estimator for the LG. Assuming the ...age of the Universe and the cosmological constant according to the recent values from the Planck cosmic microwave background experiment, we find the mass of the LG to be M
TAΛ = (4.73 ± 1.03) × 1012 M which is 13 per cent higher than the classical TA mass estimate. This partly explains the discrepancy between earlier results from Lambda cold dark matter simulations and the classical TA. When a similar analysis is performed on 16 LG-like galaxy pairs from the Constrained Local Universe Simulations, we find that the scatter in the ratio of the virial to the TA estimated mass is given by M
vir/M
TAΛ = 1.04 ± 0.16. Applying it to the LG mass estimation we find a calibrated M
vir = (4.92 ± 1.08(obs.) ± 0.79(sys.)) × 1012 M.
We search Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 imaging for galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses using convolutional neural networks, extending previous work with new training sets and covering a ...wider range of redshifts and colors. We train two neural networks using images of simulated lenses, then use them to score postage-stamp images of 7.9 million sources from DES chosen to have plausible lens colors based on simulations. We examine 1175 of the highest-scored candidates and identify 152 probable or definite lenses. Examining an additional 20,000 images with lower scores, we identify a further 247 probable or definite candidates. After including 86 candidates discovered in earlier searches using neural networks and 26 candidates discovered through visual inspection of blue-near-red objects in the DES catalog, we present a catalog of 511 lens candidates.
We present an updated version of MegaZ-LRG (Collister et al. 2007) with photometric redshifts derived with the neural network method ANNz as well as five other publicly available photometric redshift ...codes (HyperZ, SDSS, Le PHARE, BPZ and ZEBRA) for ∼1.5 million luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in SDSS DR6. This allows us to identify how reliable codes are relative to each other if used as described in their public release. We compare and contrast the relative merits of each code as well as the different templates using ∼13 000 spectroscopic redshifts from the 2SLAQ sample, and note that this comparison is only valid for LRGs. We find that the performance of each code depends on the figure of merit used to assess it, and note that all codes suffer from a redshift-dependent bias. As expected, the availability of a complete training set means that the training method performs best in the intermediate redshift bins where there are plenty of training objects. Codes such as Le PHARE, which use new observed templates, perform best in the lower redshift bins. All codes produce reasonable photometric redshifts, the 1σ scatters ranging from 0.057 to 0.097 if averaged over the entire redshift range. We also perform tests to check whether a training set from a small region of the sky such as 2SLAQ produces biases if used to train over a larger area of the sky. We conclude that this is not likely to be a problem for future wide-field surveys. The complete photometric redshift catalogue including redshift estimates and errors on these from all the six methods as well as the configuration files used to run the various codes can be found at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~mbanerji/Research/MegaZLRGDR6/megaz.html.
Strong-gravitational lens systems with quadruply imaged quasars (quads) are unique probes to address several fundamental problems in cosmology and astrophysics. Although they are intrinsically very ...rare, ongoing and planned wide-field deep-sky surveys are set to discover thousands of such systems in the next decade. It is thus paramount to devise a general framework to model strong-lens systems to cope with this large influx without being limited by expert investigator time. We propose such a general modelling framework (implemented with the publicly available software lenstronomy) and apply it to uniformly model three-band Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 images of 13 quads. This is the largest uniformly modelled sample of quads to date and paves the way for a variety of studies. To illustrate the scientific content of the sample, we investigate the alignment between the mass and light distribution in the deflectors. The position angles of these distributions are well-aligned, except when there is strong external shear. However, we find no correlation between the ellipticity of the light and mass distributions. We also show that the observed flux-ratios between the images depart significantly from the predictions of simple smooth models. The departures are strongest in the bluest band, consistent with microlensing being the dominant cause in addition to millilensing. Future papers will exploit this rich data set in combination with ground-based spectroscopy and time delays to determine quantities such as the Hubble constant, the free streaming length of dark matter, and the normalization of the initial stellar mass function.
ABSTRACT
Analyses of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have found puzzling correlations between their standardized luminosities and host galaxy properties: SNe Ia in high-mass, passive hosts appear ...brighter than those in lower mass, star-forming hosts. We examine the host galaxies of SNe Ia in the Dark Energy Survey 3-yr spectroscopically confirmed cosmological sample, obtaining photometry in a series of ‘local’ apertures centred on the SN, and for the global host galaxy. We study the differences in these host galaxy properties, such as stellar mass and rest-frame U − R colours, and their correlations with SN Ia parameters including Hubble residuals. We find all Hubble residual steps to be >3σ in significance, both for splitting at the traditional environmental property sample median and for the step of maximum significance. For stellar mass, we find a maximal local step of 0.098 ± 0.018 mag; ∼0.03 mag greater than the largest global stellar mass step in our sample (0.070 ± 0.017 mag). When splitting at the sample median, differences between local and global U − R steps are small, both ∼0.08 mag, but are more significant than the global stellar mass step (0.057 ± 0.017 mag). We split the data into sub-samples based on SN Ia light-curve parameters: stretch (x1) and colour (c), finding that redder objects (c > 0) have larger Hubble residual steps, for both stellar mass and U − R, for both local and global measurements, of ∼0.14 mag. Additionally, the bluer (star-forming) local environments host a more homogeneous SN Ia sample, with local U − R rms scatter as low as 0.084 ± 0.017 mag for blue (c < 0) SNe Ia in locally blue U − R environments.
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