The Internet era resulted in the rise and advancement of MOOK, WeChat, and mobile networks, making it possible to expand English teaching methods. However, the English teaching industry has the ...problem of not valuing students’ personalized cognition, and the accuracy of teaching resource delivery is low. Therefore, the research uses the noise gate analysis method to design a cognitive diagnostic model for students and designs an English teaching resource recommendation model in view of a convolutional joint probability matrix (JPM) decomposition algorithm. The research results showed that the cognitive diagnostic model designed in the study had a higher accuracy. Compared to traditional algorithms, the overall recommendation effect of the English teaching resource recommendation model had an average improvement of 11.63% and compared to the JPM algorithm combined with cognitive diagnosis (CD), the overall recommendation effect value had an average improvement of 1.977%. When recommending complex teaching resources, the recommendation effect value had an average improvement of 11.54% compared to traditional algorithms, and the overall average improvement was 1.877% compared to the JPM algorithm combined with CD. In the experimental group, with the assistance of the research algorithm, students’ grades improved by an average of 2.38 points, which was significantly higher than the 0.89 points in the control group. The experiment showcases that the CD and recommendation model designed by the research has higher accuracy, can help improve the efficiency of teaching resource recommendation, reduces teaching costs, and has certain application value.
Summary
Plant protoplasts are useful for assessing the efficiency of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) mutagenesis. We improved the ...process of protoplast isolation and transfection of several plant species. We also developed a method to isolate and regenerate single mutagenized Nicotianna tabacum protoplasts into mature plants. Following transfection of protoplasts with constructs encoding Cas9 and sgRNAs, target gene DNA could be amplified for further analysis to determine mutagenesis efficiency. We investigated N. tabacum protoplasts and derived regenerated plants for targeted mutagenesis of the phytoene desaturase (NtPDS) gene. Genotyping of albino regenerants indicated that all four NtPDS alleles were mutated in amphidiploid tobacco, and no Cas9 DNA could be detected in most regenerated plants.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Accumulating evidence shows that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, whereas the interaction between H2S and ethylene is still unclear. In the present study ...we investigated the role of H2S in ethylene-promoted banana ripening and senescence by the application of ethylene released from 1.0 g·L-1 ethephon solution or H2S with 1 mM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) as the donor or in combination. Fumigation with ethylene was found to accelerate banana ripening and H2S treatment effectively alleviated ethylene-induced banana peel yellowing and fruit softening in parallel with decreased activity of polygalacturonase (PG). Ethylene+H2S treatment also delayed the decreases in chlorophyll and total phenolics, and increased the accumulation of flavonoid, whereas decreased the contents of carotenoid, soluble protein in banana peel and reducing sugar in pulp compared with ethylene treatment alone. Besides, ethylene+H2S treatment suppressed the accumulation of superoxide radicals (·O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) which accumulated highly in ethylene-treated banana peels. Furthermore H2S enhanced total antioxidant capacity in ethylene-treated banana peels with the 2,2'-azobis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay. The result of quantitative real-time PCR showed that the combined treatment of ethylene with H2S down-regulated the expression of ethylene synthesis genes MaACS1, MaACS2 and MaACO1 and pectate lyase MaPL compared with ethylene treatment, while the expression of ethylene receptor genes MaETR, MaERS1 and MaERS2 was enhanced in combination treatment compared with ethylene alone. In all, it can be concluded that H2S alleviates banana fruit ripening and senescence by antagonizing the effect of ethylene through reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of ethylene signaling pathway.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transferred DNA (T‐DNA) into the plant genome is the last step required for stable plant genetic transformation. The mechanism of T‐DNA integration ...remains controversial, although scientists have proposed the participation of various nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) pathways. Recent evidence suggests that in Arabidopsis, DNA polymerase θ (PolQ) may be a crucial enzyme involved in T‐DNA integration.
We conducted quantitative transformation assays of wild‐type and polQ mutant Arabidopsis and rice, analyzed T‐DNA/plant DNA junction sequences, and (for Arabidopsis) measured the amount of integrated T‐DNA in mutant and wild‐type tissue.
Unexpectedly, we were able to generate stable transformants of all tested lines, although the transformation frequency of polQ mutants was c. 20% that of wild‐type plants. T‐DNA/plant DNA junctions from these transformed rice and Arabidopsis polQ mutants closely resembled those from wild‐type plants, indicating that loss of PolQ activity does not alter the characteristics of T‐DNA integration events. polQ mutant plants show growth and developmental defects, perhaps explaining previous unsuccessful attempts at their stable transformation.
We suggest that either multiple redundant pathways function in T‐DNA integration, and/or that integration requires some yet unknown pathway.
See also the Commentary on this article by Faure, 229: 2386–2388.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses, and thus have developed complex signaling mechanisms that orchestrate multiple stress responses. Plant peptides have ...recently emerged as key signaling molecules of stress responses, not only to mechanical wounding and pathogen infection but also to nutrient imbalance, drought and high salinity. The currently identified stress-related signaling peptides in plants are derived from proteolytic processing of protein precursors. Here, we review these protein-derived peptides and the evidence for their functions in stress signaling. We recommend potential research directions that could clarify their roles in stress biology, and propose possible crosstalk with regard to the physiological outcome. The stress-centric perspective allows us to highlight the crucial roles of peptides in regulating the dynamics of stress physiology. Inspired by historic and recent findings, we review how peptides initiate complex molecular interactions to coordinate biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Anthocyanins, which have important biological functions and have a beneficial effect on human health, notably account for pigmentation in purple-fleshed sweet potato tuberous roots. Individual ...regulatory factors of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified; however, the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato is unclear.
We functionally determined that IbMYB340 cotransformed with IbbHLH2 in tobacco and strawberry receptacles induced anthocyanin accumulation, and the addition of IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b caused increased pigmentation. Furthermore, we confirmed the interaction of IbMYB340 with IbbHLH2 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b via yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation assays; these proteins could form a MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56a or MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56b transcriptional complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to the IbANS promoter rather than the IbUFGT promoter. Furthermore, it was found by a transient expression system in tobacco leaves that IbMYB44 could decrease anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the interaction of IbMYB44 with IbMYB340 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b was verified. This result suggested that IbMYB44 acts as a repressor of anthocyanin in sweet potato.
The repressor IbMYB44 affected anthocyanin biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting the IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56a or IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56b regulatory complex formation. Overall, the present study proposed a novel regulatory network whereby several vital TFs play key roles in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, and it provides strong insight into the potential mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato tuberous roots with purple color.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Background
Rab37-mediated exocytosis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), an inflammatory cytokine, under serum-depleted conditions which leads to suppression of lung cancer ...cell metastasis has been reported. Starvation is also a stimulus of autophagic activity. Herein, we reveal that starvation activates Rab37 and induces autophagy.
Methods
We used an overexpression/knockdown system to determine the relationship between autophagy and Rab37 in vitro and in vivo. The autophagy activity was detected by immunoblotting, transmission electron microscope, autophagosome purification, and immunofluorescence under the confocal microscope. Lung-to-lung metastasis mouse model was used to clarify the role of autophagy and Rab37 in lung cancer. Clinical lung cancer patient specimens and an online big database were analyzed.
Results
Initially, we demonstrated that active-form Rab37 increased LC3-II protein level (the marker of autophagosome) and TIMP1 secretion. Accordingly, silencing of Rab37 gene expression alleviated Rab37 and LC3-II levels as well as TIMP1 secretion, and induction of autophagy could not increase TIMP1 exocytosis under such conditions. Moreover, silencing the
Atg5
or
Atg7
gene of lung cancer cells harboring active-mutant Rab37 (Q89L) led to decreased autophagy activity and TIMP1 secretion. In the lung-to-lung metastasis mouse model, increased TIMP1 expression accompanied by amiodarone-induced autophagy led to decreased tumor nodules and cancer cell metastasis. These phenomena were reversed by silencing the
Atg5
or
Atg7
gene. Notably, increasing autophagy activity alone showed no effect on TIMP1 secretion under either Rab37 or Sec22b silencing conditions. We further detected colocalization of LC3 with either Rab37 or TIMP1, identified Rab37 and Sec22b proteins in the purified autophagosomes of the lung cancer cells harboring the active-form Rab37 gene, and confirmed that these proteins are involved in the secretion of TIMP1. We reveal that autophagic activity was significantly lower in the tumors compared to the non-tumor parts and was associated with the overall lung cancer patient survival rate.
Conclusions
We are the first to report that autophagy plays a promoting role in TIMP1 secretion and metastasis in a Rab37-dependent manner in lung cancer cells and the lung-to-lung mouse model.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gas separation by selective transport through polymeric membranes is one of the fastest growing branches of membrane technology. However, the existing polymeric membrane materials are inadequate to ...fully exploit the application opportunities on industrial scale; the improvement in permeability is at the expense of selectivity, and vice versa. A new type of membrane material emerging with the potential for future applications is mixed matrix materials composed of homogeneously interpenetrating polymeric and inorganic particle matrices. Compared to original polymeric membranes, significant improvement in separation properties with trivial loss in membrane flexibility is expected for the resultant mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). This review first gives an outline of the concept and the key advances of MMMs. Subsequently, recent developments are presented, including two immediate challenges: achieving an optimized interface structure, and forming asymmetric or composite membrane with an ultrathin and defect-free mixed matrix skin. Attractive avenues to overcome these challenges are emphasized. The review of the Maxwell model demonstrates how the transport properties of MMMs are related to the polymer matrix, molecular sieves, as well as membrane morphology. Finally, future directions of MMMs’ fabrication and application are suggested.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Cell type annotation and lineage construction are two of the most critical tasks conducted in the analyses of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Four recent scRNA-seq studies of differentiating ...xylem propose four models on differentiating xylem development in Populus. The differences are mostly caused by the use of different strategies for cell type annotation and subsequent lineage interpretation. Here, we emphasize the necessity of using in situ transcriptomes and anatomical information to construct the most plausible xylem development model.
Protective role of hydrogen sulfide （H2S） on seed germination and seedling growth was studied in wheat （Triticum） seeds subjected to aluminum （Al3＋） stress. We show that germination and seedling ...growth of wheat is inhibited by high concentrations of AICI3. At 30 mmol/L AICI3 germination is reduced by about 50% and seedling growth is more dramatically inhibited by this treatment. Pre-incubation of wheat seeds in the H2S donor NaHS alleviates AICI3-induced stress in a dose-dependant manner at an optimal concentration of 0.3 mmol/L. We verified that the role of NaHS in alleviating Al3＋ stress could be attributed to H2S/HS- by showing that the level of endogenous H2S increased following NaHS treatment. Furthermore, other sodium salts containing sulfur were ineffective in alleviating Al3＋ stress. NaHS pretreatment significantly increased the activities of amylases and esterases and sustained much lower levels of MDA and H2O2 in germinating seeds under Al3＋ stress. Moreover, NaHS pretreatment increased the activities of guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased that of lipoxygenase. NaHS pretreatment also decreased the uptake of Al3＋ in AICI3-treated seed. Taken together these results suggest that H2S could increase antioxidant capability in wheat seeds leading to the alleviation of Al3＋ stress.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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